Key Concepts of Democracy and Political Theory

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary and concepts related to democracy and political theory, providing definitions and explanations for each term.

Democracy

Rule by the people; a system where political power ultimately belongs to citizens.

Direct Democracy

A system in which citizens vote directly on laws and policies.

Representative Democracy

A system in which citizens elect officials to make decisions on their behalf.

Republic

An indirect democracy where voters elect representatives to govern.

Constitutional Democracy

A democracy governed by a constitution that limits government power and protects rights.

Political Culture

Shared beliefs, values, and norms about politics within a society.

Kingship

Aristotle’s 'good' form of rule by one; a benevolent monarch ruling for the public good.

Tyranny

Aristotle’s 'bad' form of rule by one; a self-interested despot.

Aristocracy

Aristotle’s 'good' form of rule by few; rule by the most capable.

Oligarchy

Aristotle’s 'bad' form of rule by few; rule by a power-hungry elite.

Polity

Aristotle’s 'good' form of rule by many; a representative democracy.

Mob Rule

Aristotle’s negative view of democracy; chaotic rule by the masses.

Constitutional Cycle

Aristotle’s belief that societies move through different forms of government over time.

Alexis de Tocqueville

French author who analyzed American democracy in 'Democracy in America'.

Individualism

Belief that individuals should be independent and self-reliant.

Political Equality

The idea that each citizen’s vote counts equally.

One Person, One Vote

The principle that all votes have equal value.

Equality of Opportunity

The belief that everyone has the same chance to succeed.

Pluralism

A system in which organized groups compete to influence government.

Interest Groups

Organizations that seek to influence public policy.

Special Interests

Groups that lobby government to benefit their members.

Lobbying

Attempts to influence lawmakers and public officials.

First Amendment

Constitutional amendment protecting speech, assembly, and petition.

Monarchy

Government ruled by a king or queen with hereditary power.

Absolute Monarchy

A monarchy where the ruler has unlimited power.

Communism

A system where property is collectively owned and guided by an authoritarian ruling party.

Marxism

The ideas of Karl Marx emphasizing class struggle and a classless society.

Totalitarianism

A system where the state controls all aspects of life.

Dictatorship

Rule by one person or a small group with absolute power.

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders or laws.

Socialism

A system where the government provides extensive public goods and regulates parts of the economy.

Anarchy

The absence of government authority.

John Locke

Enlightenment philosopher who influenced American democracy.

State of Nature

Condition where humans exist free and equal without government.

Natural Rights

Rights inherent to humans, including life, liberty, and property.

Inalienable Rights

Rights that cannot be taken away.

Limited Government

A government restricted in power to protect individual rights.

Private Property

Property acquired through individual labor.

Consent of the Governed

The idea that government power comes from the people.

Social Contract

Agreement between the people and government outlining rights and duties.

Separation of Powers

Division of government authority among branches to prevent abuse.

Declaration of Independence

1776 document asserting natural rights and consent of the governed.