Dr Fahim EXAM 5 Chapter 16 IU Indianapolis

Internal respiration characteristics

Oxidative phosphorylation

Aerobic cellular respiration

Aerobic cellular respiration happens in the ____ tissues

systemic (Uses O2 > Produces C02)

External respiration characteristics

Pulmonary ventilation

exchange between lungs and blood

transportation in blood

exchange between blood and body tissues

External respiration occurs before?

internal respiration

During external respiration diffusion occurs at the ____ then goes to the ____

alveoli, blood (pulmonary capillaries)

During external respiration _____ comes out and ___ comes in

CO2, O2

During external respiration CO2 comes in after O2 enters ____ in the ____ capillaries

cells, systemic

Air passages of head and neck

nasal cavities, oral cavity, pharynx

The nasal and oral cavity meet at the?

pharynx

The upper airways can have ____ or ____

air, food

The respiratory tract is ___ ONLY

air

The respiratory tract is airways from ____ to ____

pharynx, lungs

The conducting zone in the respiratory tract contains the?

Larynx and Pharynx

The Larynx contains the?

glottis and epiglottis

There is no gas exchange in the ____ ___?

conduction zone

The respiratory zone has ____ ____

gas exchange

An entire breath is ____ mL

500

of the 500 mL of a full breath what amount is trapped in the conduction zone?

150 mL

of the 500 mL of a full breath what amount is in the respiratory zone?

350 mL

Nose-terminal bronchioles are in the ___ ___

conduction zone

The right lung has ___ lobes

3

The left lung has ___ lobes

2

Tertiary branch spans ___-___ orders of branching

20, 23

Bronchioles have no ____

cartilage (in conduction zone)

Terminal bronchioles are at the end of the ___ ___

conduction zone

Epithelium of the conduction zone

Goblet cells =

mucus

Epithelium of the conduction zone

Ciliated cells =

Hairy like projections

Function of conduction zone is to ___ and ___ the air

Warm, humidifies

The conduction zone is also know as the ___ ___

dead space

The respiratory zone starts with the ____ ___

respiratory bronchioles

In the respiratory zone the epithelium is ___ cell layer and a ___ ____

1, basement membrane

Function of respiratory zone

exchange of gases between air and blood

diffusion (gasses diffuse from high to low concentration)

Alveoli purpose

Site of gas exchange

Alveoli have capillaries that form a ____ around them

mesh

Alveoli pores are _____ to others to _____ pressure

connected, equilibrate

Type 1 alveolar cells function

gas exchange (simple squamous epithelium)

Type 2 alveolar cells function

secrete surfactant

surfactant in the alveoli reduces what?

surface tension

Types of alveoli cells

Type 1

Type 2

________?

Alveolar macrophage

Without surfactant alveoli would ____

collapse

The respiratory membrane is the ____ for ____

barrier, diffusion

The respiratory membrane contains type 1 cells and a basement membrane and _____ ____ ___ and a basement membrane

capillary endothelial cells

The respiratory membrane contains type 1 cells and a basement membrane and capillary endothall cells and a basement membrane.

Both basement membranes are _____ ____

fused together

The chest wall is ____ and ___ the lungs

airtight, protects

The bones of the chest wall

Sternum ribs and thoracic vertebrae

The muscles of the chest wall

internal intercostals, external intercostals, diaphragm

What is the pleura?

membrane lining of lungs and chest wall

There is a ____ ____ around each lung

pleura sac

Ventilation

Bulk flow is driven by a ____ ____ and is from ____ to ____ pressure

pressure gradient, High, Low

Ventilation

Inspiration means the pressure in the lungs is ___ the atmospheric pressure

less than

Ventilation

During inspiration the process continues till the pressure in the lungs ____ the pressure in the atmosphere

equals

Ventilation

Expiration means the pressure in the lungs is ___ than the atmospheric pressure

greater than

Ventilation

During expiration the process continues till the pressure in the lungs ____ the pressure in the atmosphere

equals

Atmospheric pressure = (abbreviation)

P atm

Atmospheric pressure at sea level =

760 mmHg

Atmospheric pressure

When altitude decreases the atmospheric pressure ____

increases

Atmospheric pressure

When the altitude increases the atmospheric pressure _____

decreases

Atmospheric pressure

Underwater there is a higher ____ ____

atmospheric pressure (P atm)

Intra-alveolar pressure = (abbreviation)

P alv

Intra-alveolar pressure

is the pressure in the ____

alveoli

Intra-alveolar pressure

is given relative to the ____ ____

atmospheric pressure (P atm)

Intrapleural pressure = (abbreviation)

P IP

Intrapleural pressure

Is pressure inside the ___ ___

pleural sac

Intrapleural pressure

Pressure is always _____

negative

Transpulmonary pressure = (abbreviation)

P tp

Transpulmonary pressure

P tp is the _____ minus the _____

Intra-alveolar pressure, Intrapleural pressure

Transpulmonary pressure

Is a distending pressure across the ___ ___

lung wall

Transpulmonary pressure

During rest P tp = (x number of mercury)

4mm Hg

Intra-alveolar pressure

During inspiration P alv is ____

negative (less than atmosphere)

Intra-alveolar pressure

During expiration P alv is _____

positive (more than atmosphere)

Intra-alveolar pressure

The difference between P alv and P atm drives ____

ventilation

Intra-alveolar pressure

Inspiration: P alv __ P atm

<

Intra-alveolar pressure

Expiration: P alv __ P atm

>

Intra-alveolar pressure

No air movement: P alv __ P atm

=

Intrapleural pressure

Is always less than __

P alv

Intrapleural pressure

At the beginning of respiratory cycle and is ____ (x number of Hg)

-4mm Hg

Intrapleural pressure

Inspiration: P IP become more ___ (____)

negative, pulls

Intrapleural pressure

Expiration: P IP becomes more ___ (___)

positive, pushes

Intrapleural pressure

Surface tension prevents ____ ____ and ____ ___ from pulling apart (this happens becomes P IP is always negative)

visceral pleura, parietal pleura

Intrapleural pressure

Lungs recoils ___ and the chest wall recoils ____

inward, outward

Intrapleural pressure

opposing recoil forces ____ on ______ space

pull, intrapleural

Transpulmonary pressure

inhalation

Inspiration: P IP becomes more ____

negative

Transpulmonary pressure

Inhalation

Volume causes ____ pressure

opposite

Transpulmonary pressure

inspiration

Allows lungs (alveoli) to recoil leading to ___ volume and ____ P alv

more, less

Transpulmonary pressure

Expiration

Decreases in ___ ___

transpulmonary pressure

Transpulmonary pressure

Expiration

P IP becomes less ____

negative

Transpulmonary pressure

Expiration

Decreases _____ pressure across lungs

distending

Transpulmonary pressure

Expiration

Allows lungs (alveoli) to recoil leading to ___ volume and ____ P alv

less, more

Pneumothorax is a ____ into ____ space

opening, intrapleural

Pneumothorax characteristics

Open trauma (sucking chest wound)

Closed (emphysema)

P IP = P atm (alveoli collapse)

Mechanics of Breathing

Starts as the inspiration muscles are at rest, this is also know as

FRC

Mechanics of Breathing

P IP = (x amount of Hg)

-4mm Hg

Mechanics of Breathing

have a ___ and ____ relationship

cause, effect

Mechanics of Breathing

creates a ____ ____

pressure gradient

Mechanics of Breathing

Flow =

airflow during a breathing flow

Mechanics of Breathing

Flow formula

Flow = P atm - P alv / R

Atmospheric pressure remains ____

constant

Resistance to air flow (R) is related to airways ____ and ____

radius, mucus

Forces for airflow during a breathing cycle

Boyles law: pressure is ____ related to ____

invariantly, volume

Forces for airflow during a breathing cycle

Increased volume = ___ pressure

decreased