disorder test

depressive disorder

disorder characterized by sad, empty, or irritable mood through both physical and cognitive changes

major depressive disorder

persistent, severe sadness lasting at least two weeks, causing change in weight, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, sleeping difficulty, cognitive impairment

alogia

reduction in amount or content of speech

avolition

loss of motivation

anhedonia

lack of pleasure

persistent depressive disorder

chronic long-term depression lasting 2+ years, less severe but poor symptoms

causes of depression

life stressors chronic illness, hormonal imbalance, genetic predisposition

bipolar disorder

alternating episodes of extreme highs (mania) followed by severe lows (depression)

mania

state of high energy, reduced sleep racing thoughts, risky behavior, euphoria, and irritability

cycling

periods of experiencing depression and mania in alternating periods that can last various amounts of time

Bipolar I disorder

rapidly changing moods requiring at least one manic episode that can alternate with hypomanic or depressive episodes. the episode is severe and impairs daily functioning

Bipolar II disorder

pattern of alternating depressive and hypomanic episode, does not include a full manic episode as they are less severe

hypomania

mild form of mania with elation and hyperactivity

neurotypical

not characterized by atypical or strange behavior, the standard behavior

causes of bipolar

heredity through twins, genetics, chronic stress, life changes, traumatic experiences, substance abuse

learned helplessness

series of negative outcomes and stressors cause someone to believe outcomes are not in their control, causing them to give up

causes of depression

poor temperament/emotional stability, ACEs, life stages, genetics through immediate family members, women

anxiety disorder

excessive persistent fear interfering with daily functioning. characterized by rapid heartbeat, trembling, sweating, excessive worry & avoidance, difficulty concentrating

specific phobia

intense, irrational fears of certain objects or situations

acrophobia

fear of heights

arachnophobia

fear of spiders

agoraphobia

fear of open or enclosed unfamiliar places (shops, theaters, public transportation

panic disorder

characterized by unexpected panic attacks with at least 1 month of persistent worry

panic attack

unanticipated and overwhelming biological, cognitive, and emotional experiences of fear/anxiety

ataque de nervios

“attack of the nerves”; cultural syndrome of distress among Latinos with emotional outbursts triggered by stress or family conflicts

culture-bound disorder

pattern of mental, emotional, or physical symptoms that is restricted to a specific cultural group or society

social anxiety disorder

intense fear or judgment of being watched by others

taijin kyofusho

fear of others judging own bodies as undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

prolonged experiences of nonspecific and uncontrollable anxiety or fear

maladaptive

term referring to something that does not provide an appropriate adjustment to an situation (ex. substance abuse to manage stress)

obsession

persistent and intrusive thoughts, urges, or images

compulsion

repetitive behaviors or mental acts aimed to reduce anxiety

obsessive-compulsive disorder

anxiety-related disorder consisting of unwanted, persistent thoughts creating distress, leading people to do repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety. impairs daily functioning

hoarding disorder

condition of difficulty discarding posesssions—regardless of value—with the belief that you must save them, leading to distress and accumulated clutter

dissociative disorders

mental health conditions with issues involving memory, consciousness, emotion, identity, and perception. can stem from trauma

dissociative amnesia

inability to recall important personal and traumatic info, impacts episodic memory. not caused by medical conditions or substance abuse

fugue

sudden, unexpected travel away from home with a new identity adopted. amnesia also occurs for the past and the new identity

dissociative identity disorder

disruption of identity with two or more alternating distinct personalities taking control of a person’s behavior

trauma- and stressor-related disorders

mental health conditions developing after exposure to traumatic or severe stressful events (abuse, accidents, disasters)

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

condition developed after exposure to stressful event subsequently causing psychological distress

acute stress

immediate, intense stressors (ex. sudden job loss, medical diagnosis, life change)

chronic stress

prolonged exposure to stressors (ex. ongoing work pressure, financial difficulties, long-term caregiving responsibilities)

cumulative stress

accumulation of multiple stressors over time (ex. series of personal losses, ongoing work conflicts)

feeding and eating disorders

severe disturbances in eating behaviors, body image, and weight regulation. imapirs physical health, wellbeing, and social functioning

anorexia nervosa

intense fear of weight gain, causing distorted body image and severe preoccupation with and restriction of food

self view = overweight reality = significantly underweight

bullimia nervosa

dangerous cycle of binge eating followed by compensatory behavior (purging) to avoid weight gain

personality disorders

rigid and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and abnormal behavior.

impulsive behavior, emotional dysregulation, distorted thinking, unstable self-image

Cluster A disorders

odd, strange thinking and behavior, characterized by social awkwardness, withdrawal, distrust

paranoid personality disorder

characterized by distrust and suspicion of others, believing other people’s motives are poor and malevolent

schizoid personality disorder

characterized by detachment from social relationships, limited emotional expression, and preference of solitude

schizotypal personality disorder

characterized by discomfort with relationships, odd beliefs, magical thinking, preference of solitude

Cluster B disorders

dramatic, overly emotional/erratic thinking and behavior, relationship instability, risky behavior

antisocial personality disorder

characterized by dramatic, overly emotional/erratic thinking and behavior, relationship instability, risky behavior

histronic personality disorder

characterized by a pattern of excessive emotional expression, attention-seeking behavior, appearance-focused, inappropriate behavior

narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by grandiosity, excessive need for admiration, lack of empathy, entitlement, exploitative behavior

borderline personality disorder

characterized by emotional instability, distorted self-image, impulsivity, poor relationships, fear of abandonment, suicidal behaviors

Cluster C disorders

chronic, intense anxiety and fearful behaviors that disrupt relationships and daily functioning

avoidant personality disorder

extreme shyness, feeling of not being enough, sensitivity to rejection, desire for connection

dependant personality disorder

characterized by need to be taken care of, clingy behavior, fear of seperation and abandonment

binge eating disorder (BED)

mental health condition characterized by sense of lack of control over eating, restrictive eating, feelings of shame/embarassment, and self-medicating/coping with food

pica

eating disorder characterized by persistent, compulsive craving and eating of non-food items (dirt, ice hair, paper) for at least 1 month. caused by nutritional deficiencies, pregnancy, or mental health disorders

neurodevelopmental disorder

mental health condition where brain function is impaired, affecting social, behavioral, emotional, and cognitive development

ADHD

condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity affecting function and development

autism

condition characterized by defiictis in social communication, repetitive patterns of behavior, and sensory sensitivity

schizophrenia

mental disorder with distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, and sense of self

acute

sudden, severe symptoms such as psychosis, hallucinations, and delusions

chronic

long-term with similar persistent symptoms lasting 6+ months

positive symptoms

mental experiences added to a person’s life that are not present, distortion of reality (hallucinations, delusions)

negative symptoms

loss or deficit in function (lack of motivation, flat affect, antisocialness)

delusions

false beliefs held by schizophrenic clients, despite disproving evidence

delusions of persecution

firm belief of being targeted or harmed

delusions of grandeur

firm belief in self importance, power, fame, or special abilities

hallucinations

false perceptions characterized by realistic qualities without external stimuli

disorganized thinking or speech

inability to organize and vocalize thoughts logically

word salad

jumble of incoherent or nonsensical words and phrases lacking logical meaning

disorganized motor behavior

unpredictable, bizarre, repetitive movements done without purpose or out of a lack of control

catatonia

syndrome of disturbances in motor behavior

catatonic excitement

frantic, purposeless motor activity

catatonic stupor

lack of movement, speech, and responsiveness to environment

flat affect

severe reduction in emotional expression (blank facial expressions, monotone voice, lack of body language)

dopamine hypothesis

schizophrenia is caused by excess dopamine in certain brain regions as it triggers positive symptoms

causes of catatonia

mental health disorders (bipolar, depression, schizophrenia), medical conditions (tumor, brain infection), neurotransmitter imbalances (GABA, glutamate, dopamine)

causes of autism

genetic condition, high maternal age, exposure to pollution, maternal obesity, prematurity

schizoid

personality disorder of social detachment, indifference to relationships, and restricted emotional expression

schizotypal

personality disorder of unconventional behavior, odd beliefs, social anxiety, and difficulty forming friendships

eustress

motivating and positive stress that is able to be coped with

anorexia nervosa

maintaing a starvation diet despite being underweight

medical model

set of procedures in which all doctors are trained

psychosis

severe mental disorder of losing contact with external reality