COGS 17 2ND MIDTERM HW Answers

Answer the following in regards to the neuro-muscular junction.

A) Most striate muscles come in Antagonistic pairs.
B) A muscle hat brings the attached bone toward the center of the body is called a Flexor .
C) The contractile unit within each muscle fiber is called Sarcomere .
D) The portion of the contractile unit that is a coiled double strand anchored to the muscle is called Actin .
E) The portion of the contractile unit that has cross-bridges is called Myosin .
F) During a muscle contraction, the neurotransmitter Achetylcholine attaches to receptor sites on the muscle fiber.
G) When the ion Ca++ enters the muscle cell, this triggers the cross-bridges to activate, contracting the muscle.

Match the reflex to the appropriate characteristics below.

Proprioreceptors that detect contraction synapse on inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord

Golgi Reflex

Match the reflex to the appropriate characteristics below.

Receptors signal excitatory inter-neurons in the cord

Pain Withdrawal Reflex

Match the reflex to the appropriate characteristics below.

Proprioceptors directly excite a motor neuron

Stretch Reflex

Match the reflex to the appropriate characteristics below.

Touching an infant on the cheek will cause it to turn to and such on that stimulus

Rooting Reflex

Match the reflex to the appropriate characteristics below.

Involves an oscillator circuit

Scratch Reflex

Match the reflex to the appropriate characteristics below.

Involves your system responding to input before you have any conscious awareness of that stimulus

Pain Withdrawal Reflex

Match the appropriate motor pathway to its characteristics.

Ventro-Medial Tracts

- Has mainly bi-lateral connections
- Mainly for control of central body structures

Match the appropriate motor pathway to its characteristics.

Cortico-Spinal Tract

- Mainly contra-lateral connections
- Mainly for control of independent motion of limbs

Indicate whether the following is TRUE or FALSE of the Cerebellum.

A) The cerebellum works to coordinate movements requiring precise aiming and timing. True
B) The cerebellum encodes "innate" rather than "learned" movement patterns. False
C) Within the cerebellum, Parallel Fibers connect Purkinje Cells. True
D) Purkinje Cells release excitation to Deep Nuclei. False
E) The Cerebellum codes the relative timing of moves in terms of the relative distance signals travel along Purkinje Cells. True

Indicate whether the following is TRUE or FALSE of the Basal Ganglia.

A) The Basal Ganglia is a "re-entrant" system which means information repeatedly enters the system only from lower brain centers. False
B) Among the pathologies associated with damage to the Basal Ganglia are Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Attention Deficit Disorder. True
C) Parkinson's Disease involves insufficient Serotonin levels from the Substantia Nigra to the BG's Striatum. False
D) The Globus Pallidus mainly receives sensory-motor information, while the Caudate Nucleus and Putamen mainly output motion signals. False
E) The Basal Ganglia organizes motor activity in terms of tasks. True

Select the correct match to each of the following areas within the Motor Cortex.

Mirror Cells

- Found in pre-motor cortex
- Can be found in Broca's Area

Select the correct match to each of the following areas within the Motor Cortex.

Primary Motor Cortex

- Found on the precentral gyrus
- Includes a topological map of the body

Select the correct match to each of the following areas within the Motor Cortex.

Supplementary Motor Cortex

Especially involved in processing rapid sequences of movement

Match each auditory reception structure to its characteristics.

3-bone lever system that converts large weak oscillations into smaller, more powerful ones? (audition)

ossicles

Match each auditory reception structure to its characteristics.

Your external ear, as individualized as your fingerprints (audition)

pinna

Match each auditory reception structure to its characteristics.

Membrane against which the "Stapes" pushes
(audition)

oval window

Match each auditory reception structure to its characteristics.

The Auditory Canal is an air channel that leads to this membrane.
(audition)

tympanic membrane

Match each auditory reception structure to its characteristics.

Snail-like coiled chamber housing auditory receptor cells
(audition)

choclea

Match each auditory reception structure to its characteristics.

Also called "eardrum"
(audition)

tympanic membrane

In the central chamber (Scala Media) of the cochlea lies the?
(audition)

Organ of Corti

what does the Organ of corti do?
(audition)

it is the location at which sound is traduced into neurological signals.

The floor of the Organ of Corti is called?
(audition)

Basilar Membrane

The ceiling of the Organ of Corti is called?
(audition)

tectorial membrane

what auditory receptor cells stand between the basilar and tectorial membrane?
(audition)

Hair cells

what membrane does the vibrating ossicles press on?
(audition)

Oval Window

the Oval Window , this sets up a vibration in the ...that fills the ....?
(audition)

cochlear fluid, cochlea

As that vibration moves through the cochlea, from Base to Apex and back, what membrane moves up and what membrane moves down?
(audition)

Basilar Membrane moves up while Tectorial Membrane moves down.

As the Basilar and Tectorial membranes move up and down what gets bent in between?
(audition)

Cilia of receptor cells

This deformation of the Hair Cells causes what to flow into those cells?
(audition)

K+

This deformation of the Hair Cells causes K+ to flow into those cells leading to what in the polarity of that cell?
(audition)

a decrease

ultimately the decrease in the polarity of that cells causes what to enter?
(audition)

Ca++

As a result of Ca++ entering into the cell as well what is released and at what potential?
(audition)

neurotransmitter, graded potential

The long ass Audition paragraph answer

In the central chamber (Scala Media) of the cochlea lies the Organ of Corti - the location at which sound is transduced into neurological signals. The floor of this structure is called the Basilar Membrane while the ceiling is called the Tectorial Membrane . The auditory receptor cells, called Hair Cells , stand between these two membranes. When the vibrating ossicles press on the membrane called the Oval Window , this sets up a vibration in the Cochlear Fluid that fills the cochlea. As that vibration moves through the cochlea, from Base to Apex and back, the Basilar Membrane moves up when the Tectorial Membrane moves down, bending the Cillia of the receptor cells in between. This deformation of the Hair Cells causes K+ to flow into those cells, which Decreases the polarity of that cell. Ultimately, this causes Ca++ to enter, and, as a result, Neurotransmitter is released, in a Graded Potential .

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to Place Coding for frequency in audition.

Place coding depends on the physical structure of the Basilar Membrane
(audition)

true

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to Place Coding for frequency in audition.

The apex end of the membrane is narrow and stiff.
(audition)

false, its wide and floppy

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to Place Coding for frequency in audition.

The beginning of the membrane, near the Oval Window, is wide and floppy
(audition)

false, its narrow and stiff

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to Place Coding for frequency in audition.

Because of its structure, different places along the membrane resonate to different frequencies.
(audition)

true

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to Place Coding for frequency in audition.

A given frequency will produce the highest level of NT release at the most resonating place along the membrane, with slightly less at adjacent places, and less & less the farther from the place of maximum resonance.
(audition)

true

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to Place Coding for frequency in audition.

Your nervous system only records the place of maximum resonance, to code for that frequency.
(audition)

false

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE of Temporal (Rate) Coding for frequency in audition.

Rate coding depends on the physical structure of the Tectorial Membrane

false

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE of Temporal (Rate) Coding for frequency in audition.

The entire active membrane tends to oscillate at the same rate as the incoming frequency.

true

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE of Temporal (Rate) Coding for frequency in audition.

Even though some places along the membrane release more NT than others, whatever Hair Cells do fire, fire at the same rate.

true

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE of Temporal (Rate) Coding for frequency in audition.

Hair Cells fire Action Potentials, and so their rate of firing is limited by their Refractory Period.

false

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE of Temporal (Rate) Coding for frequency in audition.

The Spiral Ganglions overcome this Refractory Period limitation by taking turns, together producing an output along the Auditory Nerve that matches the incoming frequency.

true

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE of Temporal (Rate) Coding for frequency in audition.

The "Volley Principle" argues that only if the ganglions are "phase locked" will they produce a volleys of activity at a rate that matches the incoming frequency.

true

Localization makes use of the differences in a sound reaching the two ears. Match each type of difference with its localization functions below.

Via "Inter-Aural Time-Disparity Detectors"

Timing differences

Localization makes use of the differences in a sound reaching the two ears. Match each type of difference with its localization functions below.

Works best for higher frequences

intensity differences

Localization makes use of the differences in a sound reaching the two ears. Match each type of difference with its localization functions below.

Concerns which ear is in the "head shadow"

intensity differences

Localization makes use of the differences in a sound reaching the two ears. Match each type of difference with its localization functions below.

Works best for lower frequencies, but only in large-headed listeners

phase differences

Localization makes use of the differences in a sound reaching the two ears. Match each type of difference with its localization functions below.

Involves a race betwen "Onset" cells from the cochlear nucleus.

timing differences

Localization makes use of the differences in a sound reaching the two ears. Match each type of difference with its localization functions below.

Concerns which ear is pressured by the condensation, and which by rarefaction of air molecules

phase differences

Match the structure in the Monaural Auditory Pathway to its characteristics, below.

Divergent connectivity, preserving details

inner hair cells

Match the structure in the Monaural Auditory Pathway to its characteristics, below.

Axons form auditory portion of the 8th Cranial Nerve

spiral ganglions

Match the structure in the Monaural Auditory Pathway to its characteristics, below.

In Medulla, taking input from ganglions and transforming it into "Onset", "Build-Up", Phaser", "Primary Like"

cochlear nucleus

Match the structure in the Monaural Auditory Pathway to its characteristics, below.

Convergent connectivity, more like visual Rods than Cones

outer hair cells

Match the structure in the Monaural Auditory Pathway to its characteristics, below.

Each side sends an "Onset" signal, in a race to the Superior Olive

cochlear nucleus

Match the structure in the Binaural Auditory Pathway to its characteristics, below.

Midbrain structure that maps & tracks sound sources

inferior colliculus

Match the structure in the Binaural Auditory Pathway to its characteristics, below.

Primary Projection Area in the cortex for auditory information

A1

Match the structure in the Binaural Auditory Pathway to its characteristics, below.

First binaural site; e.g. Compare arrival times of "onset" signals from the two Cochlear Nuclei

Superior Olive

Match the structure in the Binaural Auditory Pathway to its characteristics, below.

Thalamic area that projects to Temporal Cortex

Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)

Match the structure in the Binaural Auditory Pathway to its characteristics, below.

Higher auditory cortex, specialized for recognizing speech sounds

wernikes area

Match the structure in the Binaural Auditory Pathway to its characteristics, below.

Cells in this area of auditory cortex respond more strongly to a changing, than a single, frequency.

A2

The brain encodes information through the distribution of activity across multiple cells.

The following are auditory-system examples of what fundamental principle?

- In Place Coding, frequency in the Cochlea is coded as the relative volume of NT released, along a length of the Basilar Membrane.
- In Temporal ("Rate") Coding, frequency in the Cochlea is coded as the rate at which pulses of NT are released, along the entire active Basilar Membrane.
- As in the Volley Principle, while no Spiral Ganglion can, on its own, reproduce a 3kHz rhythm of NT release, a group of these cells, working in concert, can.

Across fiber coding

Indicate if the following are TRUE or FALSE of reception in the Vestibular System

Hair cells produce action potentials

False

Indicate if the following are TRUE or FALSE of reception in the Vestibular System

When potassium enters the Hair Cells, the cells become hypo-polarized. 

True

Indicate if the following are TRUE or FALSE of reception in the Vestibular System.

The Semi-Circular Canals register changes in tilt, relative to gravity

False

Indicate if the following are TRUE or FALSE of reception in the Vestibular System.

Hair cells show a spontaneous firing rate that is either increased or decreased by changes in a subject's motion

True

Indicate if the following are TRUE or FALSE of reception in the Vestibular System

The Otolith Organs register change in rotation. 

False

Indicate which of the following are stops along the Vestibular Pathway:

• Cerebellum

• MGN of the Thalamus

• 8th Cranial Nerve

• Superior Colliculus

• V1

• Medulla

• Red Nucleus of Tegmentum

• Optic Nerve

• Cerebellum

• 8th Cranial Nerve

• Superior Colliculus

• Medulla

• Red Nucleus of Tegmentum

Which of the following is the best explanation for motion sickness.

Inconsistent signals from the Visual and Vestibular systems

Indicate the Receptive Field size and Adaptation Rate for each type of Encapsulated Nerve ending, below

Meissner’s Corpusles

Small RF and Fast adapting

Indicate the Receptive Field size and Adaptation Rate for each type of Encapsulated Nerve ending, below

Ruffini Endings

Large RF and slow adapting

Indicate the Receptive Field size and Adaptation Rate for each type of Encapsulated Nerve ending, below

Pacinians

Large RF and Fast adapting

Indicate the Receptive Field size and Adaptation Rate for each type of Encapsulated Nerve ending, below

Merkel’s Discs

Small RF and slow adapting

In the temperature detection system, if you place your hand in [select] water it will feel neither hot nor cold, since that water will produce an [select] response from [select] receptors. Water that is cooler will be encoded as [select] while water that is warmer will be encoded as [select]. If you selectively adapt the         [ Select ]      ["Warm-Best", "Cool-Best"]  receptors by prolonged emersion in         [ Select ]      ["tepid", "hot", "cold"]  water, and thereafter place that hand in         [ Select ]      ["tepid", "hot", "cold"]  water, that water will feel warmer than it did originally. This is because         [ Select ]      ["the Warm-Best", "the Cool-Best", "both types of"]  receptors are not able to make their normal contribution to the         [ Select ]      [""selective adaptation"", ""across-fiber coding"", ""free nerve endings""]  necessary to represent any given temperature. 

• Tepid

• Equal

• Both

• WB < CB

• WB > CB

• Cool-Best

• cold

• Tepid

• The cool-Best

• “Across-Fiber Coding“

Indicate the correct match in regards to the Somatosensory Pathways.

Cross-over within the spinal cord

Spinal-Thalamic

Indicate the correct match in regards to the Somatosensory Pathways.

Damage to left cord results in loss of touch on ipsi-lateral side and pain on contra-lateral side

Brown-Sequard

Indicate the correct match in regards to the Somatosensory Pathways.

First synapse in the medulla

Medial Lemniscal

Indicate the correct match in regards to the Somatosensory Pathways.

When a patient cannot feel temperature on one side and has no proprioception on the other

Brown-Sequard

Indicate the correct match in regards to the Somatosensory Pathways.

Originates from encapsulated receptors

Medial-Lemniscal

Indicate the correct match in regards to the Somatosensory Pathways.

Originates from thermo-receptors and nocicentors

Spinal-Thalamic

Indicate if the following are TRUE or FALSE of the Somatosensory Cortex.

The "Penfield Map" is "topological'"

True

Indicate if the following are TRUE or FALSE of the Somatosensory Cortex.

S1 can be found along the Pre-Central Gyrus

False

Indicate if the following are TRUE or FALSE of the Somatosensory Cortex.

Cells with large receptive fields tend to make up disproportionally large areas of the cortex

False

Indicate if the following are TRUE or FALSE of the Somatosensory Cortex.

Primary somatosensory cortex lies in the parietal lobe.

True

Indicate if the following are TRUE or FALSE of the Somatosensory Cortex.

The hands and mouth are the most magnified portions of the somatosensory map

True

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to the "Gate Theory." of endogenous pain reduction.

Collateral branches of touch receptors excite inter-neurons that inhibit T cells along the pain pathway.

True

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to the "Gate Theory." of endogenous pain reduction.

The PAG in the midbrain releases endorphins that ultimately lead to the stimulation of inhibitory inter-neurons in the spinal cord

True

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to the "Gate Theory." of endogenous pain reduction.

Axo-anxonal connections in the brain involve endorphins attaching to inhibitory receptor sites on the terminal buttons of Substance P cells

True

Indicate whether the following are TRUE or FALSE in regards to the "Gate Theory." of endogenous pain reduction.

Naloxone is an endorphin antagonist, decreasing the effectiveness of treatments such as acupuncture.

True

Rods or Cones?: More photopigment

rods

Rods or Cones?: Relatively low sensitivity

cones

Rods or Cones?: High acuity

cones

Rods or Cones?: High convergence

rods

Concentrated in fovea

cones

Rods or Cones? 3 kinds, per type of photopigment

cones

Rods or Cones?: Best for motion detection

rods

Best for color discrimination

cones

TRUE or FALSE regarding Isomerization: All photopigment molecules are made up of an opsin and a retinal.

true