Stage 26/30 official

Vso:

Stall speed in the landing configuration - 45 KIAS

Vs:

Stall speed in the clean configuration - 50K KIAS

Vx:

Best angle-of-climb. The airspeed that delivers the greatest gain of altitude in the shortest distance - 64 KIAS

Best glide:

76 KIAS

Vy:

Best rate-of-climb. The airspeed that delivers the greatest gain of altitude in the shortest possible time - 76 KIAS

Vo/Va:

Maneuvering speed. The maximum speed at which full available aerodynamic control will not overstress the airplane - 113 KIAS @2550 and 98 KIAS @1917

Vfe:

Maximum flaps extended speed - 102 KIAS

Vno:

Maximum structural cruising speed - 125 KIAS

Vne:

Never exceed speed - 154 KIAS

Cruise climb

87 KIAS

If racing to a certain altitude would Vx or Vy get you there faster?

• Vy because it gives you the best rate of climb, or the most altitude in the shortest amount of time.

What is Vo and why does it change with weight?

• The maximum speed at which full available aerodynamic control will not overstress the airplane

• Heavier aircraft have a higher AOA which is closer to the critical AOA so if a full aerodynamic control were used, the aircraft would stall before breaking

• Heavy aircraft stall earlier

When would you pitch for Vo?

• When in turbulence

• Practicing maneuvers

What is a stall?

When an aircraft exceeds it critical AOA which results in airflow separation, loss of lift, and a large increase in drag

What is AOA?

The angle between the relative wind and the cord line

Are the wings still producing lift when an aircraft is stalled?

Yes, but not enough to maintain altitude

How do we recover from a stall?

Reduce the AOA

What are some factors that affect stall speed?

• Configuration - Flaps increase lift, effective cord line. An achieve same amount of lift with less AOA as no flaps

• Contamination

• C.G - AFT = Decreases stall speed. FWD = Increases stall speed

• Load factor - Higher load factor increases stall speed

• Turbulence

When does a stall become a spin?

• Autorotation

• Must have a yawing movement

What is the definition of a spin?

A stall with yaw that results in autorotation

When would you change from a normal stall recovery to a spin recovery?

• No definitive answer

• I say after a 90-degree heading change

In a spin are the wings stalled?

• Yes, a spin is a stalled condition

• The wing that drops is stalled more because the wing that is up is producing more lift

What are the 4 phases of a spin?

• Entry - Stall with yaw

• Incipient - Forces are not in balance

• Developed - Airspeed, vertical speed, and rate of rotation are constant

• Recovery - Pilot runs recovery checklist (RCTRCT)

What would happen if we used aileron?

• Same direction - would tighten the spin, initially could help recovery

• Opposite direction - would tighten the spin and lead to a flat spin

What is the flight path in a spin?

Nearly vertical as you follow a corkscrew pattern towards the ground

What factors affect a spin?

• Configuration - Flaps slow down the spin

• Weight - Makes it harder to recover

• C.G - AFT = less stable, less tail authority, reduced stall speed making it harder to spin. FWD = More stable, greater tail authority, increases stall speed making it easier to enter spin

When is it likely that an inadvertent spin may be entered?

• Base to final

• Upwind to crosswind

• High AOA with yaw

What documents must you carry on every flight to act as PIC once you possess a PPL?

• Government ID

• Medical

• Pilot certificate

• UND - logbook with endorsement

What documents must be on board the aircraft?

• MEL - if applicable

• Airworthiness certificate

• Registration (State and federal)

• Radio license

• Operating limitations

• Weight and balance

• Supplements

What documents are in the red bag in the back seat?

• UND SP&P

• POH

• G-1000 manual

• Aspen Manual

How long is the airworthiness certificate valid for?

As long as the aircraft is maintained in an airworthy condition. All inspections are completed, AD complied with, and PIC finds aircraft safe to fly

Where must to airworthiness certificate be located?

Must be visible to all passengers. In is in the baggage area of the Archer

Where is the federal registration located?

• Baggage area. state is in the aircraft book

• Federal is good for 7 years, state is good for 1

When must an FCC radio station license be carried aboard a flight?

When operating outside of the U.S on international flights

How is currency maintained to act as PIC once you have your PPL?

Must complete a flight review

What must be completed for a flight review and how could it be determined that one was complete?

• 1 hour of ground that cover part 91

• 1 hour of flight from a CFI

• Must receive a logbook endorsement stating completion

What must be completed to be current to carry passenger during the day/night?

• Day - 3 takeoff and 3 landing within proceeding 90 days

• Night - 3 takeoffs and 3 landing to a full stop, 1 hour after sunset 1 hour before sunrise, withing the proceeding 90 days

What does UND require for day and night currency?

• Day - dual flight in the proceeding 30 days

• 5 dual landings to a full stop within the proceeding 90 days, 1 hour after sunset 1 hour before sunrise

What are the private pilot privileges? (61.113)

• May for compensation of hire act as PIC incidental with a business, but flight can’t carry passengers

• May act as PIC

• Carry passengers

• Act as PIC for a charitable event

• Fly search and rescue and be reimbursed

• Aircraft salesman after 200 flight hours

• May tow glider and 100hrs PIC and endorsement

• May act as PIC in a light sport aircraft production flight

What are the private pilot limitations?

• Can’t pay less than pro rate share

• Can’t fly for compensation or hire

What are the 3 classes of medical?

• First - Over 40 = 6 months. Under 40 = 12 months

• Second -12 months

• Third - Over 40 = 24 months. Under 40 = 60 months

Who can you get a medical from that is valid for aviation purposes?

Must get a medical from an AME

What are the inspections we need?

• Annual - 12 calendar months

• VOR - 30 days - IFR only

• 100 hr - for hire (over fly cuts into next)

• Altimeter/static system - 24 calendar months - IFR only

• Transponder - 24 calendar months

• E.L.T - 12 calendar months (change of 50% useful, 1hr cumulative use)

Who must perform an annual check and what must be done for the aircraft to be airworthy?

An A&P with inspection authorization, the aircraft must be signed back into service

What circumstance can you overfly the 100hr?

• Flying to mechanic, can’t carry passengers on this flight.

• Can only overfly by 10hrs

• If you overfly 5hr you have 90hr till next 100hr

What is the required equipment for VFR day flight?

• Altimeter

• Tachometer

• Oil pressure gauge

• Manifold pressure gauge

• Airspeed indicator

• Temperature gauge

• Oil temperature gauge

• Fuel quantity gauge

• Landing gear position lights

• Anti-collision lights

• Magnetic compass

• E.L.T

• Seat belts

What is the required equipment for VFR night?

All of day plus

• Fuses

• Landing lights

• Anti-collision lights

• Position lights

• Source of electricity

What is an MEL?

An inventory of instruments and equipment that may legally be inoperative, with specific condition under which an aircraft may be flown with such item inoperative

What are the 4 parts of an MEL?

• Letter of Authorization

• Preamble

• Master MEL

• Procedural Document

If a discrepancy form and placards were filled out, where does the form go and where does each placard go?

• Discrepancy form goes in the front of the aircraft book along with one of the placards

• The other placard goes near the equipment in the aircraft

What items must be checked if you have inop equipment and you do not have and MEL?

• VFR day type certificate (FAA)

• Kinds of operations list (POH)

• Airworthiness directives (FAA)

• 91.205 (FAR)

Who is responsible for maintain an aircraft in an airworthy condition?

Owner/operator

Who is responsible for determining an aircraft is airworthy?

PIC

What is preventative maintenance and who can perform it?

Maintenance specified in part 43, must hold a PPL

Is there any time an aircraft can be flown when it is not airworthy?

• Yes, a ferry permit allows an unairworthy aircraft that is safe to fly to fly to a mechanic

• Issued by FSDO (Our FSDO is in Fargo)

What makes you eligible to take the practical test? (61.103)

• Must be 17 years old

• Be able to read, speak, write in English

• Received endorsement from CFI

• Passed the knowledge test

What preflight actions are required for VFR flight?

• Weight and balance

• NOTAMs

• Weather

• Known delays

• Runway lengths

• Alternate airports

• Fuel requirements

• Takeoff and landing distances

What time are we required to log?

• Training for a certificate or rating

• Flight review

• Recency

What is a PIC and what are their responsibilities?

Pilot in Command, final authority as to the operation of the aircraft

How long must you wait before flying after consuming alcohol?

• FAA - 8hr or 0.04 BAC

• UND - 12hr

Who has the right of way when 2 aircraft are on a collision course at same altitude?

The aircraft to the right

How should you avoid traffic that is on a head on collision course?

Deviate to the right

Who has the right of way when pass another aircraft?

• The aircraft being passes

• Pass far to the right of aircraft

What is a runway incursion?

Incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle, or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and takeoff of aircraft.

What are the minimum safe altitudes?

• Anywhere - Altitude that gives your ability to perform emergency landing without harming anything on ground

• Over congested areas - 1000’ above the tallest object 2000’ form the airplane

• Over other than congested areas - 500’ from any person, property, or object

What are LAHSO operations?

• Land and hold short

• You do not have to accept

How long after being refueled must we wait before we can sump?

5 minutes

What is the minimum fuel reserve that UND requires on VFR day and night flights

• 45 minutes

• FAA is 30min for day 45min for night

How long must you wait to fly after donating blood or plasma?

• Blood - 72 hours

• Plasma - 12 hours

Explain duty day:

• Period of first activity to last

• Can’t be longer than 16hr

• Must be followed by 10hr of rest 6-8hr being sleep

What is the equation for determining C.G?

C.G = total moment divided by total weight

Weight and Balance terms:

• Datum - Reference line

• Arm - Distance from the reference datum

• BEW - Standard weight of plus additional equipment

• C.G - Point at which the aircraft would balance

• Moment = weight x arm

• Useful load - Weight of the pilot(s), passengers, baggage, useable fuel, and drainable oil (Ramp Weight)

• Station - Location of item from datum expressed in inches

What factor affect performance\?

• Pressure - As pressure increases so does density, higher density = better performance

• Temperature - As temp increases density decreases, higher temps = worse performance

• Humidity - Higher humidity decreases density, More humidity = worse performance

How is performance affected?

As density decreases, it reduces:

• Power since engine takes in less air

• Thrust since the propeller is less effective

• Lift due to less air traveling over the surface of the wing

What is pressure and density altitude?

• Pressure - Height above a standard datum (29.92)

• Density - pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature

What are the 4 forces acting on an aircraft?

• Lift

• Weight

• Thrust

• Darg

How does an aircraft climb?

Thrust and lift exceed weight and drag

What is the maximum ramp and takeoff weight?

• Ramp 2558

• Takeoff 2550

What are the different types of airspace?

• A - 18000’ MSL → FL600

• B - SFC - 10000’ MSL

• C - SFC - 4000’ AGL

• D - SFC - 2500’ AGL

• E - airspace in-between

• G - Under airspace

What airspace is considered controlled?

All airspace considered controlled except Gulf

What additional equipment is required to operate in class A airspace?

Aircraft must be IFR equipped

What are the dimensions of class C airspace?

• SFC → 4000’ AGL

• 5m radius up to 4000’ AGL, with a 10sm radius shelf beginning at 1200’ AGL up to 4000’ AGL

What additional equipment is required to operate in class C airspace?

• 2-way radio

• Mode C transponder

• ADSB out

• No pilot requirements

What are the requirements for class B?

• Two-way radio

• Clearance to enter

• PPL or endorsement

• Mode C transponder

• ADSB out

What are the speed restrictions?

• Below 10000’ MSL - Not exceed 250 KIAS

• Above 10000’ MSl - None

• In B - 250 KIAS

• Under B - 200 KIAS

• In a C - 200 KIAS

• In a D 200 KIAS

• Whitin 4sm of a C or D below 2500’ AGL 200 KIAS

Besides in a B and C, when is a transponder required?

• Above 10000’ MSL

• Above class C airspace

• Within the mode C veil (30sm of class B primary airport)

What is a SFRA?

• Special Flight Rule Area - when within 60 miles of the D.C VOR

• Requires online training to be completed

What is the special use airspace?

• MOA

• CFA

• Prohibited

• Restricted

• Alert areas

• Warning areas - 3sm from coast, hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft

• National security areas - voluntarily avoid

What is an airport advisory area?

• An area within 10am of an airport where control tower is not operating, but where FSS is located

• FSS provides advisory service to arriving and departing training

What is a Military training route?

• Military routes to conduct low-altitude, high-speed training

• above 1500’ AGL is primarily IFR, below 1500’ AGL is VFR

What is special VFR?

• A VFR clearance that allows you to operate in weather conditions that is less than VFR without IFR flight plan

• Pilot must request

What are the weather requirements for day special VFR and Night?

• Day - 1sm vis and clear of clouds

• Night - Same as day but aircraft must be instrument equipped and pilot must be instrument rated

What are the 3 types of weather briefings?

• Standard - within 6hr

• Outlook - beyond 6hr

• Abbreviated - a supplement
  *Must be able to have a record of your weather briefing

What is a METAR?

• Aviation routine weather report

• released every hour unless a SPECI is created

What is a TAF?

• Terminal aerodrome forecast

• 5-mile radius from airport

• Last 24hr, issued 4 times a day every 6hr

When are surface analysis charts created?

Issued 8 times a day every 3 hours

What is depicted on a surface analysis chart?

• Areas of high and low pressure

• Fronts

• Temperatures

• Dew Points

• Wind direction and speed

• Local weather

• Visual obstructions

What types of weather can you expect with a high- and low-pressure system?

• High: - Better flying weather, stable, clear, dry, light winds

• Low: - Worse flying weather, unstable, cloudiness, strong winds, precipitation

What is the weather associated with warm and cold fronts?

Cold - Heavy rain, thunderstorms, high wind, followed by clearer cooler conditions

Warm - Increase in temp, cloudiness, steady precipitation

What is a front?

• Divides an air mass