ch 18 micro

anatomy of CVS and lymph system

heart
arteries
veins
capillaries
lymph nodes
lymph ducts
systemic circulation
pulmonary circulation

Defenses of circulatory system: blood

buffy coat that contains leukocytes that are involved in the destruction of bacteria, release of inflammation
ex: nuetrolphils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinphils

Defenses of circulatory system: lymph nodes

cleanse the lymph
acts of site of T and B cells

B cells

differentiated in plasma cells
release antibodies

T cells

aggressive immune cells that comfront and destroy foreign cell bodies within the system

Defenses of circulatory system: phagocytes

put up specific or non specific response to any infection

Normal biota of CVS what

closed systems

Normal biota of CVS why

the closed systems of the CVS does not allow access to the external environment
healthy state: no microorganisms colonize
low microbial presence "infectious"

Malaria

protozoa infection caused by mosquito bite

Malaria causative agent

Plasmodian species: P. malaries, P. vivax, P. knowlesi, P. ovale, P. falciparum
Merozoites: daughter parasites

Malaria signs and symptoms

clinical symptoms occuring with 48-72 hr intervals as blood lyses
cycle as blood lyses: tiredness/soreness, systemic muscle aches and pain, nausea, chills/sweating

Malaria complications

hemolytic anemia
spleen, liver and kidney enlargement
cerebral anemia

Hemolytic anemia

RBC lyse -----> lack of oxygen

Cerebral anemia

falciparum species
RBC attach to brain blood vessels and lyse ----> lack of oxygen

Cerebral anemia effects

neurological diabilities
neuropsychiatric manifestations
coma death

Malaria transmission

anapheles mosquito injects prtozoa by mosquito bite and eventually becomes merozoites that infect blood stream by making RBC lyse
Distribution: 90% africa

Malaria prevention

netting
screens
mosquito repellant

Malaria treatment

malaria vaccine: effective against falciparum and children

Endocarditis

inflammation of the endocardium: heart valves, mitral valve aortic valve

Endocarditis how it infects

surgical procedure tools: heart surgery, dental procedures

Endocarditis signs and symptoms

fever
fatigue
joint pain
swelling of abdomen, arms, legs
myocardial infarctions
janeway lesions

Myocardial infarctions

abnormal heart rhythms because of impacted heart conduction

janeway lesions

red, painless spots on palms and soles

Acute Endocarditis

OVERWHELMING presence in blood stream
accumulations on valves function: leads to cardiac malfunction or death, pieces break off and cause emboli in organs

Acute Endocarditis causative agents

strep aures
strep pyogenes
strep pneum
neisseria gonorrhoeae

Acute Endocarditis transmission

parenteral
healthy person: needs to build an overwhelming amount of bacteria to shock the bodies systems

Parenteral transmission

direct entry into body: needles, traumatic injury, surgical procedures

Subacute Endocarditis

- proceeded to heart valves: underwhelming amount necessary
- irregularities encourage bacteria growth in valves; bacteria create biofilms that will impede normal function

Subacute Endocarditis treatment

prophylactic antibiotic therapy

Septicemia

any microbial infection of the blood that produces illness: bacteria septicema, toxemia, lymphagitis

Sepsis

S: shivering
E: extreme pain
P: pale, clammy
S: shortness of breath
I: i feel like i might die
S: sleepy

Septic shock

untreated/unsuccessfully treated sepsis

Septicemia signs and symptoms

septic shock occurs rapidly
petechia
osteomyelitis

Petechia

blood lesions

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone or bone marrow due to infection

Septicemia causative agents

E. Coli
Pseudomonas
Neissera meningitis
MRSA (most common)

Septicemia treatment

broad spectrum antibiotics
treatment is adjusted after organism identified

Lyme disease causative agent

borrelia burgdorferi
microaero

borrelia burgdorferi

gram both, spirochete, motile
causative agent in lyme disease

Lyme disease signs and symptoms

erythema migrans
joint pain and swelling
bells palsy
late symptoms: radiculoneropothy, 2nd and 3rd AV block, encephalitis

Erythema migrans

circular lesions

Bells palsy

impacts cranial nerves

Lyme disease transmission

ticks
zoonosis

Zoonosis

infectious disease indigenous to animals that humans can acquire through direct and indirect contact

Lyme disease culture and diagnosis

early stages based off past tick exposure

Lyme disease treatment

penicillin
amoxicillin

Bubonic plague

infection of the lymph nodes
characterized by buboes (swelling of lymph nodes)
incubation: 2-8 days

Bubonic plague sign and symptoms

fever
headache
chills

Systemic plague

high volume of bacteria in the blood

Systemic plague signs and symptoms

loss of oxygen to tissues (necrotizes)
incubation: time-day

Systemic plague causative agent

Yersina Pestis

yersina Pestis

gram neg rods
member of enterobacteriaea

Systemic plague transmission

rats
fleas
close quarters

Systemic plague treatment

broad spectrum antibiotics

Mononucleosis

mono; infection of the lymph nodes

Mononucleosis signs and symptoms

neck swelling
lymph node swelling
throat soreness/redness

Mononucleosis causative agent

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Epstein-Barr Virus

replicates hosts cells
productive

Mononucleosis virulence factor

latency: ability to incorporate into host DNA

Mononucleosis diagnosis

presence of large lymphocytes and neutropenia
antibody testing

Mononucleosis treatment

relieving symptoms
recovery time: 2-4 weeks

HIV/Aids signs and symptoms

tied directly to: 1. virus 2. T cells
initial: fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, neurological changes
lesions
nervous system with draw

HIV/Aids causative agent

retrovirus lenticirus
reverse transcriptase

retrovirus

RNA virus that carry their own enzyme to create DNA out of their RNA

Reverse transcriptase

can permanently integrate viral genes into host genome that is passed on to progeny cells
has potential to cause cancer

HIV/Aids virulence

1. pathogen enters mucous membrane or the skin
2. virus grows in dendretic cells
3. amplified by macrophages
4. infects and destroys

HIV/Aids culture and diagnosis

antibody differentiation test to distinguish virus as HIV-1 or HIV- 2

HIV/Aids U.S. diagnosis requirements

1. test positive for virus
2. meet the criteria

Aids criteria

CD4 cells below 200 cells/microliter of blood
CD4 cells account for fewer than 14% of lymphocytes
experiencing one or more aids defining illnesses

HIV/Aids transmission

direct contact (sexually)
parenteral (blood borne)
vertical (via breast milk)