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anatomy of CVS and lymph system

anatomy of CVS and lymph system

heart arteries veins capillaries lymph nodes lymph ducts systemic circulation pulmonary circulation

Defenses of circulatory system: blood

buffy coat that contains leukocytes that are involved in the destruction of bacteria, release of inflammation ex: nuetrolphils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinphils

Defenses of circulatory system: lymph nodes

cleanse the lymph acts of site of T and B cells

B cells

differentiated in plasma cells release antibodies

T cells

aggressive immune cells that comfront and destroy foreign cell bodies within the system

Defenses of circulatory system: phagocytes

put up specific or non specific response to any infection

Normal biota of CVS what

closed systems

Normal biota of CVS why

the closed systems of the CVS does not allow access to the external environment healthy state: no microorganisms colonize low microbial presence "infectious"

Malaria

protozoa infection caused by mosquito bite

Malaria causative agent

Plasmodian species: P. malaries, P. vivax, P. knowlesi, P. ovale, P. falciparum Merozoites: daughter parasites

Malaria signs and symptoms

clinical symptoms occuring with 48-72 hr intervals as blood lyses cycle as blood lyses: tiredness/soreness, systemic muscle aches and pain, nausea, chills/sweating

Malaria complications

hemolytic anemia spleen, liver and kidney enlargement cerebral anemia

Hemolytic anemia

RBC lyse -----> lack of oxygen

Cerebral anemia

falciparum species RBC attach to brain blood vessels and lyse ----> lack of oxygen

Cerebral anemia effects

neurological diabilities neuropsychiatric manifestations coma death

Malaria transmission

anapheles mosquito injects prtozoa by mosquito bite and eventually becomes merozoites that infect blood stream by making RBC lyse Distribution: 90% africa

Malaria prevention

netting screens mosquito repellant

Malaria treatment

malaria vaccine: effective against falciparum and children

Endocarditis

inflammation of the endocardium: heart valves, mitral valve aortic valve

Endocarditis how it infects

surgical procedure tools: heart surgery, dental procedures

Endocarditis signs and symptoms

fever fatigue joint pain swelling of abdomen, arms, legs myocardial infarctions janeway lesions

Myocardial infarctions

abnormal heart rhythms because of impacted heart conduction

janeway lesions

red, painless spots on palms and soles

Acute Endocarditis

OVERWHELMING presence in blood stream accumulations on valves function: leads to cardiac malfunction or death, pieces break off and cause emboli in organs

Acute Endocarditis causative agents

strep aures strep pyogenes strep pneum neisseria gonorrhoeae

Acute Endocarditis transmission

parenteral healthy person: needs to build an overwhelming amount of bacteria to shock the bodies systems

Parenteral transmission

direct entry into body: needles, traumatic injury, surgical procedures

Subacute Endocarditis

• proceeded to heart valves: underwhelming amount necessary

• irregularities encourage bacteria growth in valves; bacteria create biofilms that will impede normal function

Subacute Endocarditis treatment

prophylactic antibiotic therapy

Septicemia

any microbial infection of the blood that produces illness: bacteria septicema, toxemia, lymphagitis

Sepsis

S: shivering E: extreme pain P: pale, clammy S: shortness of breath I: i feel like i might die S: sleepy

Septic shock

untreated/unsuccessfully treated sepsis

Septicemia signs and symptoms

septic shock occurs rapidly petechia osteomyelitis

Petechia

blood lesions

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone or bone marrow due to infection

Septicemia causative agents

E. Coli Pseudomonas Neissera meningitis MRSA (most common)

Septicemia treatment

broad spectrum antibiotics treatment is adjusted after organism identified

Lyme disease causative agent

borrelia burgdorferi microaero

borrelia burgdorferi

gram both, spirochete, motile causative agent in lyme disease

Lyme disease signs and symptoms

erythema migrans joint pain and swelling bells palsy late symptoms: radiculoneropothy, 2nd and 3rd AV block, encephalitis

Erythema migrans

circular lesions

Bells palsy

impacts cranial nerves

Lyme disease transmission

ticks zoonosis

Zoonosis

infectious disease indigenous to animals that humans can acquire through direct and indirect contact

Lyme disease culture and diagnosis

early stages based off past tick exposure

Lyme disease treatment

penicillin amoxicillin

Bubonic plague

infection of the lymph nodes characterized by buboes (swelling of lymph nodes) incubation: 2-8 days

Bubonic plague sign and symptoms

fever headache chills

Systemic plague

high volume of bacteria in the blood

Systemic plague signs and symptoms

loss of oxygen to tissues (necrotizes) incubation: time-day

Systemic plague causative agent

Yersina Pestis

yersina Pestis

gram neg rods member of enterobacteriaea

Systemic plague transmission

rats fleas close quarters

Systemic plague treatment

broad spectrum antibiotics

Mononucleosis

mono; infection of the lymph nodes

Mononucleosis signs and symptoms

neck swelling lymph node swelling throat soreness/redness

Mononucleosis causative agent

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Epstein-Barr Virus

replicates hosts cells productive

Mononucleosis virulence factor

latency: ability to incorporate into host DNA

Mononucleosis diagnosis

presence of large lymphocytes and neutropenia antibody testing

Mononucleosis treatment

relieving symptoms recovery time: 2-4 weeks

HIV/Aids signs and symptoms

tied directly to: 1. virus 2. T cells initial: fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, neurological changes lesions nervous system with draw

HIV/Aids causative agent

retrovirus lenticirus reverse transcriptase

retrovirus

RNA virus that carry their own enzyme to create DNA out of their RNA

Reverse transcriptase

can permanently integrate viral genes into host genome that is passed on to progeny cells has potential to cause cancer

HIV/Aids virulence

1. pathogen enters mucous membrane or the skin

2. virus grows in dendretic cells

3. amplified by macrophages

4. infects and destroys

HIV/Aids culture and diagnosis

antibody differentiation test to distinguish virus as HIV-1 or HIV- 2

HIV/Aids U.S. diagnosis requirements

1. test positive for virus

2. meet the criteria

Aids criteria

CD4 cells below 200 cells/microliter of blood CD4 cells account for fewer than 14% of lymphocytes experiencing one or more aids defining illnesses

HIV/Aids transmission

direct contact (sexually) parenteral (blood borne) vertical (via breast milk)