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Fake news
misleading/false info presented as news to manipulate public opinion.
Growth
boosted by internet penetration + social media (WhatsApp, FB, Twitter).
Consequences
erosion of trust, polarization, undermines democracy.
Case studies
Muzaffarnagar Riots 2013, Delhi Riots 2020 (anti-Muslim violence).
Government response
IT Act amendments, fact-checking units
Civil society
NGOs (Alt News, Boom Live), awareness campaigns
Media
must fact-check, avoid amplifying fake news