period 4 vocab amstud

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Supreme Court case establishing judicial review, allowing the Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

Chief Justice John Marshall

Strengthened the power of the Supreme Court and the federal government through landmark decisions.

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to determine whether laws are constitutional.

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates who demanded tribute; Jefferson refused to pay, leading to naval conflict and showing U.S. military resolve.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Land deal between the U.S. and France that doubled the nation’s size and gave control of the Mississippi River.

Lewis & Clark Expedition

Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory and map a route to the Pacific.

Aaron Burr

Jefferson’s vice president; dueled and killed Alexander Hamilton; later accused of treason.

Impressment

British practice of seizing American sailors and forcing them into the Royal Navy.

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson banned U.S. trade with foreign nations to avoid war; hurt American merchants and economy.

James Madison

4th U.S. president; led the nation during the War of 1812.

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over trade restrictions, impressment, and Native resistance.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who tried to unite Native tribes against U.S. expansion.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

U.S. troops under William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh’s confederacy.

War Hawks

Young congressmen (like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) who pushed for war with Britain.

Francis Scott Key

Wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” after witnessing the Battle of Fort McHenry.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812; restored prewar boundaries with no territorial gains.

Hartford Convention (1814

15)Federalists met to oppose the war; appeared unpatriotic and led to the party’s downfall.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Major U.S. victory led by Andrew Jackson; fought after the war officially ended.

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)

Reopened trade with Britain and France but stated the U.S. would cut off trade with the nation that violated neutrality.

Erie Canal (1825)

Linked the Great Lakes to the Atlantic; boosted trade and settlement in the Midwest.

Samuel F. Morse

Invented the telegraph and Morse code, revolutionizing long-distance communication.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin and developed interchangeable parts, promoting mass production.

Cyrus Hall McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper, increasing farming efficiency.

Lowell System

Textile factory system in Massachusetts that employed young women under strict rules.

Market Revolution

Transformation of the U.S. economy through transportation, industrial, and commercial growth.

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid technological innovation and factory production in the early 19th century.

“Cult of Domesticity”

Belief that women should focus on home, family, and morality.

Irish Potato Famine (1840s)

Caused mass Irish immigration to the U.S. due to starvation in Ireland.

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment favoring native-born Americans.

Know-Nothing Party

Nativist political party hostile to Catholics and immigrants.

German Immigration

Germans immigrated for economic opportunity and political freedom; often settled in the Midwest.

Irish Immigration

Irish fled famine and poverty; settled in cities and worked low-wage jobs.

John C. Calhoun

Southern leader who defended states’ rights and slavery.

Henry Clay

Advocate of the American System and the Missouri Compromise.

Daniel Webster

Northern statesman who supported national unity and opposed nullification.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff to encourage American industry.

“American System”

Henry Clay’s plan for protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

James Monroe

5th president; oversaw the “Era of Good Feelings.”

“Era of Good Feelings”

Period of political unity following the War of 1812 (Monroe’s presidency).

Oregon Country

Northwest territory jointly occupied by Britain and the U.S., later divided peacefully.

Panic of 1819

First major economic depression in U.S. history, caused by speculation and bank failures.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admitted Missouri as slave and Maine as free, maintaining balance; banned slavery north of 36°30′.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Ruled that Congress controls interstate commerce, expanding federal power.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Declared the Americas off-limits to European colonization.

Andrew Jackson

7th president; champion of the “common man” and expanded executive power.

“Corrupt Bargain” (1824)

Alleged deal between Adams and Clay that denied Jackson the presidency.

John Quincy Adams

6th president; promoted internal improvements but faced opposition.

Spoils System

Practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina tried to nullify federal tariffs; Jackson threatened force.

Trail of Tears (1838

 Forced Cherokee removal from Georgia to Indian Territory.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Authorized relocation of Native Americans west of the Mississippi.

Martin Van Buren

8th president; faced the Panic of 1837.

Tariff of 1832

Reduced earlier tariffs but still angered the South.

Anti-Masonic Party

First third party in U.S. history; opposed secret societies.

Specie Circular (1836)

Jackson required land payments in gold or silver, causing economic strain.

Panic of 1837

Severe economic depression caused by bank failures and the Specie Circular.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel that exposed the cruelties of slavery.

“Peculiar Institution”

Euphemism for slavery in the South.

Paternalism

Southern justification of slavery as benevolent care for enslaved people.

Yeomen Farmers

Independent small farmers of the South who owned land but not slaves.

Mulattoes

People of mixed African and European ancestry.

“Spirituals”

Religious folk songs of enslaved Africans expressing hope and resistance.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

Slave revolt in Virginia that increased Southern fear and repression.

Transcendentalism

Movement emphasizing individual intuition, nature, and self-reliance.

Shakers

Religious community practicing celibacy, equality, and communal living.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival that promoted moral reform and social activism.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons)

Founded by Joseph Smith; migrated west under Brigham Young.

American Temperance Society

Movement to limit or ban alcohol consumption.

Horace Mann

Reformer who pushed for public education and teacher training.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist who wrote about self-reliance and individuality.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist; author of “Walden” and advocate of civil disobedience.

Emily Dickinson

Poet known for emotional and unconventional verse.

Edgar Allan Poe

Writer of dark romanticism and gothic tales like “The Raven.”

Dorothea Lynde Dix

Reformer who improved asylums and treatment for the mentally ill.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Women’s rights leader and co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention.

Abolition

Movement to end slavery in the U.S.

William Lloyd Garrison

Radical abolitionist; editor of The Liberator newspaper.

Frederick Douglass

Former enslaved man; leading abolitionist speaker and writer.

Underground Railroad

Network helping enslaved people escape to freedom.

Harriet Tubman

Escaped enslaved woman who led hundreds to freedom via the Underground Railroad.

Sojourner Truth

Former enslaved woman and women’s rights and abolition activist.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women’s rights convention; issued the Declaration of Sentiments.