Chapter 30: Plant Diversity II

**Seed**

The embryo of a plant encased in a protective shell included with nutrients

**Homospory**

One type of sporophyll that bears one type of spore

**Heterospory**

A plant that produces two differing spores, one female one male, from separate organs

**Microsporangium**/**a**

Male gametophyte, pollen

**Microspore**

The reproductive product of microsporangia

**Megasporangium/a**

Female gametophyte, archegonium

**Megaspore**

The reproductive product of megasporangia

**Sporopollenin**

Durable polymer that prevents zygotes from drying

**Ovule**

Where the female gametophyte is held within the plant ovary

**Pollen grain**

Structure that holds the male gametophyte, wall is made of sporopollenin

**Pollination**

Transfer of pollen from one plant to another plant of the same species

**Germination**

When pollen begins its growth into a pollen tube to discharge the sperm in to the female gametophyte

**Gymnosperm**

Seed producing phylum of vascular plants, produce "naked" seeds, contain cone bearing plants

**Angiosperm**

**Phylum of seed producing plants, produce "containers" around their seeds, contain flowering plants**

**Conifer**

A cone bearing plant that is typically evergreen

**Microsporophyll**

**Make microspores (male)**

**Megasporophyll**

Make megaspores (female)

**Ovulate cone**

More complex than pollen cone, bears megasporangia and accepts the pollen for germination

**Pollen cone**

Simpler structure compared to ovulate cone, consist of scales, releases and produces pollen

**Phylum Cycadophyta**

Phylum of Gymnosperms, have large cones and palm like leaves

**Phylum Ginkgophyta**

Phylum of Gymnosperms, have flagellated sperm and deciduous leaves

**Phylum Gnetophyta**

Phylum of Gymnosperms

**Magnoliids**

Lower classification of Angiosperms, includes magnolia, laurels and black pepper

**Monocots**

Lower classification of Angiosperms, includes orchids, grasses, and palms

**Phylum Coniferophyta**

Phylum of Gymnosperms, largest phyla contains cone bearing plants

**Flower**

Specialized shoot with up to 4 sets of modified leaves that bears sexual reproduction structures

**Sepals**

Floral organ that helps to enclose and protect the flower bud before it opens; sterile

**Petals**

Colorful part of flower that attracts pollinators, sterile

**Stamens**

Pollen producing organ of flowering plants

**Filaments**

Stalk portion of the stamen

**Anthers**

Pollen holding part of the stamen

**Carpels**

Ovule bearing organ of flowering plants

**Stigma**

Sticky part of the carpal, captures pollen

**Style**

Stalk of the carpal

**Ovary**

Where egg containing ovules develop

**Pistil**

Term referring to one carpel or multiple carpels fused together

**Fruit**

mature ovary of a flowers, aids in protection and dispersal

**Pericarp**

Part of the fruit formed from the wall of the ovary

**Embryo sac**

Female gametophyte of angiosperms, contains 8 haploid nuclei

**Cross-pollination**

Transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another

**Micropyle**

Pore in the integuments of an ovule

**Double fertilization**

2 sperm cell unite with 2 cells in the female gametophyte to form zygote and endosperm

**Endosperm**

Nutrient rich tissue that provides nourishment to embryo in angiosperm embryo

**Cotyledons**

**Embryonic leaf, first leaf of a plant**

**Monocot**

1 cotyledon

**Dicot**

2 cotyledons

**Eudicot**

Lower classification of Angiosperms, largest group, contain edible groups and ornamental flowers

**Basal angiosperms**

Earliest flowering plants, water lilies

**Magnoliids**

Lower classification of Angiosperms, includes magnolia, laurels and black pepper

**Eudicots**

Lower classification of Angiosperms, largest group, contain edible groups and ornamental flowers

What are the variations in seed dispersal

Wind, water, animal fur, and defication

**Gametophyte/sporophyte relationships across all plants?**

Vascular plants are sporophyte dominated while nonvascular are gametophyte dominated

**What are some terrestrial adaptations that have allowed seed plants to generate diversity?**

Contain a supply of nutrients, multicellular embryos, and a protective coating

**Why are these adaptations necessary for seed plants?**

Supply of nutrients allows new plants to get a head start, multicellular embryos allow for a better start, and protective coating allows it to be dispersed without water

**Life cycle of a gymnosperm**

Pollen leaves the pollen cone and enters the ovulate cone of another organism. The pollen forms a pollen tube and fertilizes the egg. The zygote forms a seed which is dispersed and grows into a sporophyte through mitosis. A new organism is grown and the gametes are produced through meiosis

Life cycle of an angiosperm

A vehicle of pollination (pollinator, wind, etc.) gathers pollen off of the anther of one plant and transfers it to the stigma of another. There the sperm is released into the pistil of the plant (contains ovules). A seed is formed through mitosis and a new sporophyte plant grows form the seed. Gametes are produced through meiosis and the process is repeated