AP World Unit 5-6

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Industrialization

the process of developing machine production of goods

Industrial Revolution

A change that began in Britain in the 18th to 19th centuries where more innovations in machinery were made along with more incorporation of factories

Factories

buildings with the intent of mass producing a certain product or number of products with the use of machines and engines

Factors of Production

land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services

Capital

wealth in the form of property or money owned by a business or individual

Stock Market

A general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company.

Capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership of capital

Adam Smith

thinker who supported a economic system based on private enterprise and free trade

Socialism

an economic system based on state ownership of capital

Karl Marx

wrote the Communist Manifesto and supported a state run economic system

Marxism

the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

Communism

a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership

Unions

an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages

Tokugawa Japan

a family that took over Japan; like a dynasty; reimposed centralized feudalism; closed Japan to foreigners; forbade Japanese people to travel overseas; lasted for about 200 years; a time of economic prosperity but also some political strife; internal rivalries between rulers (different shoguns jealous of others that had more power); some trade (merchants wealthier, but still lower class, which angered them)

Meiji Restoration/ Era

period of swift modernization and reform for Japan induced by Emperor Meiji. European ideals adopted and applied, bringing outstanding social, governmental, and economic reform as well as inducing the country's change from isolationist to imperialist.

Imperialism

a superpower extending its reach to less powerful areas usually in the forms of colonies or protectorates.

Colonies

lands that are controlled by another nation

Zulu Kingdom

founded by Shaka in 1818, the british and the dutch settlers broke up the kingdom in the 20th century

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Enlightenment

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

Voltaire

an Enlightenment thinker who criticized a absolute monarchy

Locke

Believed the mind starts as a "blank slate" (tabula rasa), knowledge comes from experience (empiricism), and people have natural rights (life, liberty, property).

Hobbes

Englishmen who believed that men were in nature evil and needed some sort of control.

Revolution

the overthrow of a government by those who are governed

Declaration of Independence

the document that started the American Revolution formally

American Revolution

a rebellion in the British colonies of the northeast of north america which led to the formation of the United States

French Revolution

the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Louis XVI

King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

guidelines demanded by the people rebelling in France at the beginning of the French Revolution

Reign of Terror

the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed

Robospierre

French politician who led the reign of terror with many executions and eventually he was executed himself.

Guillotine

instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Young Turks

reformists that led the Ottoman Empire to change and hoped to promote a secular government and to spread equality

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution

Maroon Societies

communities of runaway slaves, survival of african traditions such as house designs, community organizations and language in caribbean

Gandhi

a Indian , political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule

Indian Revolt of 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny)

Revolt of Indian soldiers against British officers when they were required to use greased cartridges they suspected were being used to pollute them and cause them to convert to Christianity; the revolt spread across north India

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Chinese Exclusion Acts

Act that banned the immigration of Chinese to work in the United States because they were willing to work low wages and were seen as taking American citizens' jobs

Imperialism

The act of extending the rule or authority over foreign countries - A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Sino-Japanese War

Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

White Man's Burden

Based off of a poem by Rudyard Kipling, the idea of the "duty" to on Europeans to "help" civilize "savages" or primitive people as they were incapable of self-government

Nationalism

idea of devotion to one's country - believing its interests are superior to others

Civilizing Mission

The notion that colonialism was a duty for Europeans and a benefit for the colonized.

British East India Company

A British joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Dutch East India Company

A chartered company established in 1602, when the States General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out trade activities in Asia.

Otto Van Bismarck

Chancelor of Germany who called the Berlin Conference to prevent conflict between European nations.

Scramble for Africa

"Rush" to claim lands in Africa

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Racism

prejudice or discrimination based on the belief that one's own race is superior

Colonies of Great Britain

India, Egypt, Sudan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada

Colonies of France

West Africa (including Algeria) and Southeast Asia (including Vietnam & Laos)

Manifest Desiny

the belief that defended American expansion to the Pacific Ocean saying that it was necessary and destined.

German Unification (1871)

Otto von Bismark used 3 wars beginning in 1864 to unite the various German populations

Protectorate Status

Allowing local and native-born officials to maintain their power in exchange for certain economic or military concessions such as access to raw resources.

Diplomacy

The practice of conducting negotiations between countries

Anglo-Zulu War

War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. Notable for several particularly bloody battles, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of colonialism in the region. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence.

Battle of Adwa

Battle in which the Ethiopians defeated Italian colonial forces

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Sepoys (Indian soldiers) rebelled when learning of rumors that the end of ammunition cartridges were greased using either pork or cow fat, led to an uprising by the soldiers, effect was direct control from the British government rather than the British East India Company

Cattle Killing Movement

Movement in South Africa led by a Xhosa prophetess who believed if they killed their livestock that their ancestors would return to drive out the European settlers. Unfortunately, the Xhosa lost to the British and then suffered from massive starvation.

Boer Wars

a conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Dutch and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa. British pushed Afrikaners (Dutch decedents) inland and Africans from their lands.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium who became the brutal and oppressive ruler over the Congo Free State. Owned the colony personally and had a ruthless system of economic exploitation over the Congolese for harvesting rubber

Taiping Rebellion

a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan over the corruption of the Qing and starvation of peasants. With French & British intervention, Qing prevailed.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Penal Colony

a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison (Australia was an example of this)

Maori

New Zealand indigenous culture established around 800 CE

Tupac Amaru II

Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family.

Railroads

Networks of iron or steel rails on which steam locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Spread throughout the world during this era.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. Desired to create a railroad connecting Cape Town to Cairo.

Steamships

Invention that allowed for merchants to advance up rivers to points that sailboats could not reach because of inconvenient twists, turns, or winds.

Telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Cash Crops

crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit

Rubber

Natively found in the Amazon and Central Africa - used for tires on automobiles and bicycles during this era.

Palm Oil

A West African tropical product often used to make soap and as a lubricant in machines during the Industrial Revolution

Economic Imperialism

Control of a country's economy by the businesses and economic interests of another nation

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

Treaty of Nanjing

"Unequal treaty" that marked the end of the Opium War in which China had to accept British terms for peace

Indentured Servants

Labor system where another would pay a migrant their passage, and in exchange, the laborer would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.

emigrate

To leave one country or region and settle in another

migrant

Person who moves from one region or country to another, often for economic opportunity

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland

Ethnic Enclave

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area