Using resources

Ammonia is an industrial product mainly used to make ___

Fertilisers

Ammonia is manufactured using the __ __

Haber process

The haber process involves a ___ reaction between n____ and h____

Reversible, nitrogen, hydrogen

The reaction used in the Haber process can reach a ___ ___

Dynamic equilibrium

What is defined as ‘when a reversible reaction in a closed system reaches a balance where the rate of the forward reaction = the rate of the reverse reaction’?

Dynamic equilibrium

In the Haber process, what is the pressure of the mixture of gases increased to?

200 atmospheres

During the Haber process, what temperature is the pressurised mixture of gases heated to?

450 degrees

During the Haber process, the mixture of gases is passed through a tank containing an ___ ___

Iron catalyst

At the end of the Haber process, the reaction mixture is cooled so that ___ liquifies and can be removed

Ammonia

At the end of the Haber process, unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are ___

Recycled

Fertilisers provide ___ ___ needed for healthy growth in plants

Mineral ions

Fertiliser is added to plants to increase the ___ of certain mineral ions

Concentration

What elements are found in NPK fertilisers?

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

Fertiliser compounds must be ___ in water so they can be absorbed by the root hair cells

Soluble

Is potable water the same as pure water?

No

What is the name for water that has sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes so that it is safe for humans?

Potable water

What is the name of the process that makes potable water from sea water?

Desalination

Name 2 ways that desalination can be achieved

Distillation, reverse osmosis

Distillation requires a lot of ___ and the waste water is so salty that it can be difficult to dispose of ___

Energy, safely

Which type of desalination occurs when water is put under high pressure and passed through a membrane that prevents most ions and molecules that aren’t water from passing through?

Reverse osmosis

Reverse osmosis requires ___ membranes and its efficiency is often quite ___

Expensive, low

What does LCA stand for?

Life cycle assessment

Stage 1 of an LCA is extracting and processing the ___ ___ needed

Raw materials

Stage 2 of an LCA is ____ the product and its packaging

Manufacturing

Stage 3 of an LCA is using the product during its ___

Lifetime

Stage 4 of an LCA is disposing of the product at the end of its ___ ___

Useful life

At (some/all) stages, an LCA can include information about energy use, transport of materials and the release of waste substances

All

Which biological method of metal extraction is shown below?

Phytomining

Phytomining is a (slow/fast) process

Slow

Phytomining reduces the amount of __ __ that must be disposed of after traditional mining

Rock waste

Phytomining ___ the limited supplies of high grade ores

Conserves

Which biological method of metal extraction uses bacteria to break down low grade ores into an acidic solution containing copper ions?

Bioleaching

What is the name of the acidic solution produced by bacteria during bioleaching?

A leachate

Bioleaching produces (safe/toxic) substances including s__ a___

Toxic, sulfuric acid

Phosphate rock reacts with ___ ___ to produce calcium nitrate and phosphoric acid

Nitric acid

Phosphate rock reacts with ___ ___ to produce single superphosphate

Sulfuric acid

Phosphate rock reacts with ___ ___ to produce triple superphosphate

Phosphoric acid

Ammonium sulfate is a salt used as a ___

Fertiliser

Ammonia + ___ ___ —> ammonium sulfate

Sulfuric acid

Sulfur, oxygen and water are the raw materials that make up ___ ___

Sulfuric acid

What temperature does the reaction between ammonia gas and sulfuric acid take place at?

60 degrees

Sometimes during the Haber process, the energy from the exothermic reaction can be used to generate ____

Electricity