Nutrition Exam 3 GVSU

where are lipoproteins made

liver

what do lipoproteins consist of

lipid core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids containing cholesterol and proteins

what are chylomicrons

dietary fat packages

What are very low density lipoproteins?

triglycerides and protein

What are low density lipoproteins?

cholesterol and protein

what are high density lipoproteins

phospholipids and protein

what are the main differences between LDL and HDL

LDLs are bigger and denser

they have different delivery and scavenging (ApoB/ApoA ratio)

inflammation

heart attack risk (atherosclerosis)

How do we test for cholesterol

take a lipid panel

what are the main risk factors for atherosclerosis

diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, trans fats, abdominal obesity, hypertension, atherogenic diet, chlamoydophila pneumoniae

what does atherosclerosis result in

inadequate perfusion, ischemia, necrosis

what is the progression of atherosclerosis

Inflammation of endothelium

Cellular proliferation

Macrophage migration and adherence

LDL oxidation (foam cell formation)

Fatty streak

Fibrous plaque

Complicated plaque

what is ApoB

unlike LDL cholesterol, ApoB levels reflect the total number of atherogenic particles (LDL, VLDL, IDL) this makes it a better predictor of heart disease risk, higher levels will lead to heart disease and atherosclerosis

what effect does food cholesterol have o blood cholesterol

very little effect

what types of fats in food can raise blood cholesterol

saturated and trans fats

what modifies the ability to process cholesterol

genetic inheritance

what percent of US still test too high for LDLs

25%

how can we lower our LDLs

trim saturated and trans fats from diet (fructose)

how can we raise HDLs

physical activity

what are essential fatty acids

cannot be made nor converted

linoleic acid (omega 6) and linoleic acid (omega 3)

what do essential fatty acids function as

eicosanoids (omega 3 & 6)

if you are deficient in essential fatty acids, what can happen

skin (dermatitis and alopecia), decreased wound healing

What are omega 6s

lineoleic, arachidonic acid (ARA),

vegetable oils (corn, sesame, soybean)

margarines made form these oils

poultry fat

what are omega 3s

linolenic acid, found in flaxseed, canola, or soybean oil; walnuts; tuna; and salmon

what are DHA/EPA

type of linolenic fatty acids

reduced risk of heart disease

cancer prevention

cell membranes collect

brain functions and vision

what is the recommendation for seafood

8-12 oz each week (250mg of EPA and DHA/day)

what are sustainable sources for omega 3s

krill and algae

what 2 types of oil are highest in omega 3s

canola and soybean

what are the effects of processing on unsaturated fats

processing extends fats shelf life

oxygen damage of unsaturated oils

hydrogenation of oils- benefit: resistant to oxidation or the breakdown at increased temperatures

nutrient loss-lose health benefits via trans fat production

what are omega 3 enriched foods

eggs with DHA

milk with DHA

orange juice

how are trans fats formed

hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids

what are the health effects of trans fats

- raises blood cholesterol levels: increases LDL and lowers HDL

- increases the risk of heart disease

- increases triglycerides

- have pro-inflammatory effects

- worsens insulin resistance

when were trans fats banned in the US

2015 and was officially enforced in 2020

what is the structure of proteins

contain a nitrogen

long chain of amino acids (20)

carbon atom with an amine group and acid group

side chain that varies based on the type of amino acid

What are essential amino acids?

Amino acids that must be consumed because they cannot be created by the body

9 of them

what are conditionally essential amino acids

Those amino acids that are normally nonessential but must be supplied through the diet when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce it

there are 6

what are nonessential amino acids

Amino acids that can be made by the body if overall nutrition intake is adequate

there are 5

what is recycling priority system

emergency energy source, use protein last

what do peptide bonds do

link amino acids

are strands of amino acids straight

no, they contain coils and folds

what are side chains of amino acids like

they are attracted to water if they contain a charge

how are amino acids activated to form a protein

several strands, metal ion (mineral), vitamins, carbohydrates may join

what are some examples of protein shapes that enable performance of different tasks

structural, enzymes, carrier, hormone, neurotransmitters, antibodies, bufferes, transport, coagulation, fluid balance

how are protein strains conformed

they are either alone or in association

what are the main denaturing agents for proteins

digestion-stomach acid- HCl and pepsin

cooking-heat and radiation

heavy metal salts- mercury, lead, silver, cadmium, arsenic poisoning, chelation (fiber and calcium)

what are the two main forms of protein digestion, and how do they work

stomach-HCl denatures protein in food and in pepsinogen,, uncoils the protein strand and the pepsin attacks the peptide bond

small intestine- polypeptides (10+ amino acids) are further broken down into dipeptides and amino acids

where does amino acid absorption take place

in the cells of the small intestine

for larger molecules, some can be absorbed

they are separated for absorption

released into the bloodstream

and are carried to the liver

why are proteins important

amino acids must be continuously available, build proteins of new tissue and replace worn out cells

what is protein turnover

breakdown, recovery, synthesis (300g/day)

what is satiety

feeling of fullness

can provide energy and glucose under the conditions of inadequate carbohydrates

how do proteins provide energy and glucose

amino acids can help maintain blood glucose levels/energy

no immediate or separate storage compound for proteins

what can oversupply of amino acids lead to

a storage of energy through phosphocreatine

remove amine group

use of residues for energy or glucose to glycogen and or fat

what is the cellular use of an amino acid

build protein & make a needed compound

dismantle amino acid for component parts

what is wasting an amino acid

cachexia/starvation

lack of energy from other sources

low quality protein (too few AA)

too much of one kind of AA in diet or from supplement

how can you prevent wasting of AA

eat high quality protein accompanied with carbohydrates and fats

what is the recommend intake of food protein for a regular human

0.8g/kg

what is the recommend intake of food protein for an athlete

1.2-1.7g/kg

what is the minimum amount of protein

10% of total calories

what is the upper limit amount of protein

no more than 35% of total calories

what is positive balance for nitrogen balance

consumption is greater than excretion

example: growing child, pregnancy

what is negative balance for nitrogen balance

consume less than you excrete

exampleL muscle breakdown due to illness or injury

what type of protein source is more easily absorbed

animal

what is fufu

flour

what is the primary cause of protein deficiency

consuming too little protein

what happens when you limit amino acids

slows protein synthesis

breaks down tissues (skeletal muscle)

consequences: impaired growth, brain, kidney, immune, digestive function

what is cirrhosis

irreversible inflammatory disease that disrupts the livers function and even structure

what happens during cirrhosis

decreased hepatic function due to nodular and fibrotic tissue synthesis (fibrosis)

biliary channels become obstructed and cause portal hypertension

blood can be shunted away from the liver and a hypoxic necrosis develops

what happens with alcoholic cirrhosis

oxidation of alcohol damages the hepatocytes

lover process most of the alcohol (alc dehydrogenase)

what happens with biliary cirrhosis

begins in the bile cancaliculi and ducts

primary is autoimmune

secondary is obstruction

what happens during intermittent fasting

protein synthesis is greater than protein breakdown, eat protein rich meals with essential AA

might be able to maintain muscle mass while fasting but will sacrifice other tissues

what are benefits of fasting

time restricted eating causes weight loss

what is the % of increased risk of death by heart disease for those who fast

91%