History mocks (GERMANY)

Abdication of the Kaiser

naval tells sailors to attack british naval forces causing them to loose the war, 9th November 1918 kaiser abdication,ebert made a new permenant government system the weimer republic, caused an uproar and people against the new government system

Strengths of the new republic and its constitution

all citizens had the same rights in law,

everyone got to vote,

a strong president could protect the country in times of crisis,

chancellor needed a majority in the reichstag so their appointment was democratic,

can make laws so the government can continue

Weaknesses of the new republic and its consitution

republic faced opposition against the non- democratic people,

non-democrats were allowed to vote for parties that wanted the democratic system gone,

proportional representation made many political parties,

coalations happened but it lead to an unsteady government

One effect of the weimar republic

Democracy was introduced

• People (even women) voted for reichstag members every 4 years and president every 7 years

• proportional representation meant no one got a majority in the reichstag

• led to coalitions → unstable gov

Another effect of the weimar republic

Rise of extremism

• president could make laws diminishing democracy →frustration at the system

• middle-class didnt like liberal culture

• led to kapp putch

Reaction to the treaty of versailes

germnay lost 13% of land,

major military restrictions,

had to pay war reperations of 6.6 million pounds,

political divison,

inflation,

demolishment of the ruhr

One effect of the treaty of versailes

Germany weak and humiliated

Another effect of treaty of versailes

weimar republic lost popularity

• mebers called november criminals

• lost 60+ seats in 1920 election

• led to hitler clater ampaigning against it

challenges of Kapp Putch

beliefs:

wanted an authoritarian government, believed in capitalism, the national party,

hated communists, members freikops (ex-soliders) marched into berlin in support of kapputch march 30th 1930,

named after dr wolfgang kapp,

freikorps were let go from the miltary after the treaty,

public preferred ebert

one effect of kapp putch

gov authority weakened

• 1920 20k freikorps took over gov in berlin to reinstate the kaiser

• gov had no control

• had to encourage 12mil workers to go on strike to stop uprising

another effect of kapp putch

inspired extremist parties

• parties grew their own armies and increased political violence (376 political deaths)

• 1920 gov lost 60+ seats

• wolfgang overthrew gov → inspired munich putch hitler led

challenges of spartacists

beliefs:

workers should hold political power, all equal, protected interests of workers,

communist party, inspired by 1917 russian revolution,

organised a revolt in berlin 5 jan 1919,

freikorps shot rosa luxemburg and karl liebknetch

One effect of spartacists

gov authority ruined

• 1919 100k took over berlin wanting revolution

• ebert asked freikorps and right wing to fight

• betrayl of left wing

Another effect of spartacists

Inspired extremist parties

• same as kapp putch

• inspired other uprisings like kapp putch

french occupation of the ruhr → causes of hyper inflation/ruhr

1918 germany was bankrupt due to repreation payments and took loans from the french,

missed multiple payments until dec 1922,

jan 1923 belgium and french troops invaded ruhr bc its a income-generating area

another effect of invasion of ruhr

weimar gov paid striked workers

• 130mil marks in debt due to invasion of ruhr

• paid on strike workers so french didnt benefit financially

• workers damaged factories via arson → gov became popular

french occupation of the rhur, one effects of hyperinflation

occupation made germany loose income forcing them to print more money,

many workers went on strike, value of money fell,

1919-23 income was 1/4 of what it was

Who was Stresemann and what did he do?

became chancellor in 1923,

nov 1923 introduced rentenmark and the amount of money printed was tightly controlled,

1924 reichsbank was handed control of the new currency,

1924 reichsmark was replaced rentenmark ,

restored germanys financial systen

rentenmark effect 1

inflation halted

rentenmark effect 2

confidence in economy and gov restored

• foreign countries traded with germany again

• increased in weimar popularity: could control crisis

• stressman felt empowered to ensure ecnomical stabilization

Dawes Plan (1924)

An arrangement negotiated in 1924 to reschedule German reparations payments,

usa loaned germany 800million gold marks,

reperation payments lowered to 1000 million marks for 5 years but increase to 2000 millio

, allies reviewed payment rate over time, french agreed to withdraw troops from rhur

allies took control of reichbank and railways

effect 1 dawes

germany economy recovered

effect 2 dawes

economic reliance on US

• more usa loans = more reliance

• 1929 wall street crash america recalled loans → economic collapse of germany

Young Plan 1929

Reduces reparations by 75% and gives Germany 59 years to pay

Kelogg-Briand Pact (1928)

prevented future warfare by disallowed to use military force to settle disagreements,

62 countries involved,

showed improvements of relations with other countries,

germany included in the main powers again

League of Nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace without military force. sept 1926 stresseman persuaded the great powers to allow germany to join

Locarno Pact 1925

negotiated in switserland and signed in london, germany agreed to accept new western border, brought peace upon europe

Who is Bruning?

chancellor before adolf

Bruning tried to use his political decree to ban the SA, and the SS

When was the Germans' Worker Party formed?

formed in January 1919, by Anton Drexler

When did Hitler join the Germans' Worker Party?

September 1919

effect 1 of german worker party

became popular

• 1921 hitler became furhr or the party → good public speaking attracting members

• many went against versailes, anti-communism

• 25 point programme popular → membership was 1000+ 1920

effect 2 of german party

Hitler set SA

• ex-soliders agreed with anti-versailes stance and nationalistic ideals

• joined 1921 → increase nazi strength

• SA fought and interupted communist meetings

What is the "sturmabteilung"?

Adolf Hitler's storm troopers. led by Ernst Rohm

What was the Munich Putsch?

attempt by Hitler & Nazis to take control of local government in Bavaria and then march on Berlin

What happened after the Munich Putsch?

Hitler was arrested, sentenced to jail for 5 years but released after 9 months, trial made him famous, wrote Mein Kampf in jail

effect 1 of munich

increase in popularity

• during trial hitlers speeches that attacked gov were publicised

• ludendorf added respect to party

• hitlers nationalistic beliefs were popular → 32 seats won 1924 under another name

effect 2 munich

hitler arrested

When was the ban on the Nazi party lifted?

febuary 1925

reorganisation of the party effect 1

hitler wantewd to win democratically

• 32 seats won in 1924

• 100k members in 1929

• stressmans plans made party more attractive → 12 seats won 1928

effect 2 reorganisation of party

policies directed at voters

• 25 point programme promited nationalist ideals

• goebells promoted antisemistism

• hitler was a good speaker and aimed at many audiences with nazi organisation

Great Depression effect 1

people lost their jobs

• 50% of younger people lost jobs

• business collapsed and US recalled their loans

• chancellor bruning decreased unemployment benefits → little money and no job

Great Depression effect 2

Support for extremist parties increased

• bruning increased taxes (unpopular)

• had to use article 48 to govern → undermimg trust in weimar

• german party benefitted 400k members now

• nazis blamed jews → gained 107 seats 1930

Nazi methods to win support effect 1

voters enticed by hitler and propaganda

• propaganda showed nazi ideals as appealing

• hitler spoke at multiple rallies everyday

• 230 seats in 1932 election

Nazi methods to win support effect 2

SA brought power to nazis

• 400k members by 1930 → seemed strong at rallies

• marched with flags showing nationalism → offered jobs to unemployed

• disruption opposition meetings and intimidated people at voting poles

events of jan 1932-33

• 1932 hitler ran against hindenburg for president (lost)

• von papen made coalition with nazis but resigned → nazis wanted to be main party

• hidenburg didnt like hitler so Von Schleider was chancellor

• von schleider lost support of reichtag after trying to suspend constution and set up military dictatorship

• von papen persuaded hidenburg to make hitler chancellor and papen vice president

When did Hitler become Chancellor? How?

30th January 1933, he presented himself as a strong leader that was Germany's last hope

he also promised Germany a better future

What percentage of the vote did Hitler win in 1932?

37.9%, and 230 seats

What is the Reichstag Fire?

1933. The Communists are blamed , nazis blamed van der lubbes

control becomes more strict.

It carries out voter intimidation

effect 1 reichstag fire

hitler increased nazi support

• van de lubbe (dutch communist) found with matches and blamed for fire

• hitler claimed proof of communist revolution →4k communist leaders arrested

• swift action was popular → 488 seats won in 1933 election

effect 2 reichstag fire

decree for protection of people and state passed

• hitler passed it 28 feb → consolidates his power

• police could search homes without trial and ban opposition meetings

• ended freedom of speech

• SDP arrested → nazis advantaged at elections

What day did the elections for a new Reichstag take place?

march 5th 1933

What is the Enabling Act?

March 1933, Nazis took used the SA and SS to intimidate Reichstag members into signing the Enabling Act,

allowed Hitler to make laws without consulting the Reichstag,

Hindenburg could not stop him under the Act,

Hitler could do anything he wanted

effect 1 of enabling act

ended democracy in weimar

• reichtag only met 12 times

• KDP banned from voting

effect 2 of enabling act

hitler was unopposed and greater control

• hitler banned trade unions on 2nd may to avoid strikes and arrested opposition leaders

• declared one party state 1933

• appointed nazi state governors to make laws → local and national power

What is the Night of the Long Knives?

1934 Hitler arranged a meeting with Rohm and 100 other SA leaders whom he then arrested, imprisoned and shot

effect 1 of Night of the Long Knives?

hitler gained popularity from army, hindenburg and voters

• sa thuggish, drunk and unpopular → army didnt want to join SA

• arresting 200 SA officers → hitler showed he could make tough decisions

effect 2 of Night of the Long Knives?

hitler gained more control over SA

• ernst rohm was accused of trying to usurp hitlers position

• rohm executed → less risk of being overthrown

• removed SA and removed people who didnt fit in the nazi regime (homos)

Ruhr decree

combined officies of chancellor and president

• now control of third reich

Ruhr decree effect 1

Secured hitlers power

• combined chancellor and president

• couldnt be sacked or eradicated by weimar constitution

Fuhr decree effect 2

Hitler ensured loyalty

• army soliders swore oaths to hitler

• a plebicite gave a 90% agreement with decree

• despite SA intimidating voters- some voted against it

When did President Hindenburg die?

2nd august 1934

What are the key forms of Nazi terror and control?

The SS, under Himmler's leadership the SS grew to hundreds of thousands

Concentration camps used to hold political prisoners

these prisoners were treated harshly and often worked to death.

effects of terror of police state

Nazis control over citizens

• law was fascist : germans could be arrested without trial and opposition killed

• himmler ran concentration camps

another effect of terror of police state

citizens scared of nazis

• 200k put in camps stirring fear

• friends/neighbours couldnt be trusted → many reported to gestapo

• every block had a leader who reported suspicious activity

Who was the Minister of Propaganda?

Joseph Goebbels

effect 1 of censorship

nazis censored opposing views

• goebell stopped foreign news podcasts from being broadcasted on ratios

• book burnings , gestapo searched for anti-nazi books

• nazis controlled newspapers

effect 2 of censorship

citizens encouraged to follow aryan ideals

• jazz music banned → seen as black music

• art change to encourage nazi ideals → modern art banned for wewakening nazism

• athletes selected to present aryan strength and superiority

propaganda effect 1

citizens thought hitler was infallible

• ministry of propaganda gave hitler positive nazi stories on newspapers

• goebells posters were simple but powerful

• regular nazi parades and rallies → stir nationalism and loyalty

propaganda effect 2

citizens influenced without knowledge

• 1939 70% of germans had cheap radios with nazi ideals presented

• flim and art had pro-nazi messages

• famous german music, folk songs were played to increase nationalism

What were Nazi policies towards women?

contraception and abortion were banned and having large families were emphasized,

Law for Encouragement of Marriage provided loans to help young couples marry with the condition that the woman quit their job,

medals were given to women with large families- The German Women's Enterprise Organization trained women in household skills.

effect 1 on nazi policies on women

women encouraged to be good mothers

• lebensborn programme got single women to bear children for SS men

effect 2 on nazi policies on women

ideals for women became traditional

• women had more jobs in 1920 (20% of reichstag was female)

• women encouraged not to wear makeup

• conservatives values introduced

What were Nazi Youth Movements?

Nazi Youth was founded in 1933, Nazis banned all youth groups (other than those in Catholic Church)

in 1939, the law became stricter and membership became compulsory, kids were taught about the importance of competition and racial purity-

by 1939, 8 million young people were members

effect 1 of policies towords children

children learnt about hitler and became finatics

• school syllabus changed to be pro-nazi

• indoctrinated on racial purity → grew to become good nazis

effect 2 of policies towords children

children encouraged to be good soliders and mothers

• PE lessons for boys to be trained to be army soldiers

• girls learnt domestic science to be ideal wives

• performed military drills

When was the Concordat signed?

20th July 1933-

allowed hitler to increase his power without the church's interference

bishops had to swear loyalty to nazi regime and nazi-fused christianity

effect 1 on policies towords church

added legitamacy to hitler

• looked like hitler respected christian traditions

• 1933 reichbishop muller displayed nazi flags in churches

effect 2 on policies towords church

churches lost their influence to nazis

• 1937 hitler cut funding for catholics, seizing property and spying on church organizations

• protestants revolted → executed

• hitler wanted to replace god →1939 5% of germans believed in god

1933 steralization law passed

• people with mental disabilites

• homeless

• 700k steralized

What was the Nuremberg Laws?

1935 -

stripped Jews of German citizenship,

prohibited marriage between Jew and Non Jew or Aryans → sent to concentration camps

jews had to have identification cards

What did the Reich Law state?

stated only people of German were considered German citizens,

meant that Jews could no longer vote in elections or hold a German passport.

effect 1 of racial policies

undesirables purged

• steralization law

• nuremburg laws

• ban of intermarrige

effect 2 of racial policies

public encouraged to hate untermenschen

• propaganda presented jews as corrupt

• nazis encouraged boycott of jewish shops

• kristallnacht

What was the Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht)

a general attack by the SA against Jewish stores and synagogues across Germany in 1938

How did Hitler reduce unemployment?

money was spent on public works such as the autobahn, conscription was introduced and the rearming of Germany led to the growth of heavy industry

What is Strength Through Joy (KDF)?

made to run activities for workers in their leisure time, intention was to create satisfied workers who would work harder and become more productive at work.

What is Beauty of Labor (SDA)?

responsible for improving working conditions and encouraged employers to provide canteens serving hot meals, and sport leisure facilities.

effect 1 of policies towords unemployment

unemployment reduced

• 1933 4.8mil to 0.5mil 1938

• jobs created by women and forced jewish out

• trade unions replaced by labour front → no dispute on pay and forced unemployed into employment

effect 2 of policies towords unemployment

germany preparing for war

• hitler wanted germany to be self-sufficient and ready for war

• army from 100k 1933 to 900k in 1939 → demand for equipment

• plastic production increased by 406% → created more jobs

What is genocide, as practiced by the Nazis?

the deliberate extermination of a specific group of people

What is ghettoization?

portion of city in which members of a minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure-immigrants and blacks compete for scarce jobs and resources-

Germans called the Ghettos, 'Jewish Quarters'

Effect 1 of ghettos

Jews suffered

• jews crammed into ‘jewish corners’ in cities with poor housing

• 4k died in 1941 bc diasease/starvation

• food restricted

Effect 2 of ghettos

jews transported to concentration camps

• 250k jews from warsaw taken to camps in east poland

• 6 mil jews died in holocaust

When was the Final Solution?

january 1942

effects 1 of final solution

jaws forced into labour in concentration camps

• those fit enough worked to death with bad accomodation

• forced to work in feilds to help in war

• subjected to experimentation and beatings

effects 2 of final solution

undesirables unfit were exterminated

• 1942 nazis killed 6 mil

• 5 mil were gypsies, homos, priest , disabled

• propaganda used to show concentration camps were in good conditions

effect 1 changing role of women

encouraged to join workforce

• 1941 goering ordered childless women to work

• total war declared 1943 all women 17-45 registed for work

• 60% of workforce was women

effect 2 changing role of women

women helped with war effort

• total war led to war-driven economy → 500k working women

• many were auxilaties → operating anti-aircraft guns

• propaganda encouraged to see soviets as brutes

When did the Germans invade the Soviet Union?

June 1941

How many citizens did the Einsatzgruppen murder in the Soviet Union?

1.2 million civilians in the Soviet Union by 1943