End Time Period 2 Key Concepts AP World

How did Spain establish and extend its influence over its colonies in the Americas (Latin America)?*

Often using lethal and horrific methods, Spanish 'conquistadors' waged direct and indirect war against indigenous populations. Once defeated, indigenous populations left alive would be forced into various coerced labor systems in an attempt to extract resources from the land. (e.g. Examples of Conquistadors: Hernán Cortés, Fransisco Pizzaro)

How did the establishment of Maritime Empires and continued growth of long-distance trade impact Africa states in the time c. 1450-1750?*

The establishment of Maritime Empires and the expansion of long-distance trade networks had varied impacts on African states in the period circa 1450-1750. While some African states, particularly those along the coast, benefited economically through increased trade and access to new goods, others faced challenges such as competition for control of trade routes, European colonization, and the devastating effects of the transatlantic slave trade, leading to political instability and social disruption in many regions. (e.g states that benefited - Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo)

How did East Asian states react to the increased presence of European maritime powers in the region c. 1450-1750?

East Asian states reacted to the increased presence of European maritime powers in the region circa 1450-1750 with a mixture of curiosity, cautious diplomacy, and occasional resistance. Japan developed a policy of isolationism beginning in the 1600s. Similarly, the Ming Dynasty in China established economic policies that regulated interaction with outsiders.

What was the status of the Indian Ocean Trade Network in the time c. 1450-1750?*

African and Asian merchants continued to flourish, despite European disruption to the power structure and organization of the existing trade networks of the Indian Ocean(e.g. - Indian Ocean Asian merchants: Swahili Arabs, Omanis, Gujaratis, Javanese)

1532 CE (HUB Date)

Fall of Incan Empire to Pizzaro. Represents the era when Maritime Empires begin to dominate regions around the world. Here, Spain takes control of the one of the most powerful and advanced civilizations of the Americas and begins the genocide of an entire people.

Describe the economies established in the Americas by Maritime Empires in the time c. 1450-1750.*

Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on cash crops, using existing forced labor systems or developing new ones. These forced labor systems were used in either cash crop cultivation or the extraction of natural resources (particularly silver). (e.g. Examples of labor systems: the Incan Mit'a system now run by the Spanish, and new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.)

Despite the development of the Atlantic Slave trade, what continuities existed amongst the practice of forced labor in Africa circa 1450-1750?

While the Atlantic Slave trade was new, the use of forced labor from Africa was a regular and traditional feature of the economy. Enslavement in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including the use of enslaved persons into households and the export of enslaved persons to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean regions.

Describe Mercantilism and how it was used by maritime empires.

Mercantilism was an economic theory that emphasized the importance of accumulating wealth, particularly gold and silver, by maximizing exports and minimizing imports to strengthen national power. Maritime empires employed mercantilism by establishing colonies to provide raw materials and markets for finished goods, implementing protectionist policies (tariffs), and controlling trade routes to ensure a favorable balance of trade. Joint Stock companies were granted trade monopolies that helped motivate entrepreneurs to invest , allowing these empires to expand their economic reach and influence globally.

1600-1602 (HUB Date)

British and Dutch East India Companies founded.
~ Represents the era when European maritime powers began to dominate the world economy. Europeans were past the effort to simply access the major global trade routes. They have developed their own economic system (mercantilism) and economic innovations (joint stock companies) that demonstrate that they are the dominant force in global trade.

Term

Describe the Atlantic trading system in the time c. 1450-1750.

This was the fourth great long-distance trade route that connected the Americas to the Afro-Eurasian economies. The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of goods, precious metals, and labor, including enslaved people. This is often known as the Triangular Trade. Since this a three sided trade route, the route between Africa and the Americas often transported kidnapped Africans intended to be used as slaves on plantations. This portion of the trading system is called the Middle Passage.

Describe the importance of silver within the flow of goods throughout the global economy in the time c. 1450-1750.

The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by European Joint Stock companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver.

What was the demographic impact on Africa resulting from the birth of the Atlantic Slave Trade in the time 1450-1750?

The kidnapping of so many millions, particularly men, impacted family life, and in many of the areas from which people were stolen, there tended to be majority female populations. However, despite the export of so many Africans, the population did not decrease on the continent, as the introduction of new food crops from the Americas helped stabilize the population.

Describe the cultural synthesis that developed as a result of the establishment of maritime empires c. 1450-1750.*

The establishment of maritime empires between 1450 and 1750 led to significant cultural synthesis as diverse people and traditions came into contact through trade, conquest, forced labor and colonization. This interaction resulted in the blending of languages, religions, and artistic styles, seen in phenomena like the spread of Christianity in the Americas and Africa, the incorporation of European, African, and Indigenous elements in Latin American culture, and the fusion of Asian and European influences in art and architecture. (e.g. - Vodoun, Obeah, Dia de Los Muertos)

How were consumer goods and food produced in the era c. 1450-1750?*

Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased. (e.g. - Increased peasant and artisan labor: Western Europe--wool and linen, India--cotton, China--silk)

How did conquered people react to the expansion of Maritime Empires in the time c. 1450-1750?*

State expansion and centralization led to resistance from many conquered groups. (e.g. Pueblo Revolts, Fronde, Cossack revolts, Maratha Conflict with Mughals, Ana Nzinga's resistance (as ruler of Ndongo and Matamba), Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

How did enslaved people react to the expansion of control by Maritime Empires in the time c. 1450-1750?*

Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas. (e.g. - Slave Resistance: Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil, Stono Rebellion)

As both Land-Based and Maritime-Based Empires expanded their territory, how did they deal with the ever-growing cultural diversity of their populations in the time c. 1450-1750?*

As Land-Based and Maritime-Based Empires expanded their territories between 1450 and 1750, they dealt with the growing cultural diversity of their populations through a mix of policies promoting tolerance, assimilation, and control. Empires like the Ottoman and Mughal practiced religious and cultural tolerance to a degree, incorporating diverse peoples into their societies, while others, like the Spanish in the Americas, often enforced cultural assimilation and conversion to Christianity to integrate conquered populations.. (e.g. - Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire, Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China,)

How did the growth of maritime empires lead to a new class of political and social elites c. 1450-1750?

Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites, including in China with the transition to the Qing Dynasty and in the Americas with the rise of the Casta system, and burgeoning middle class in Europe.

Describe how the expansion of empires changed the level of influence which traditional elites had on societies c. 1450-1750.*

The power of traditional elites within the social hierarchy was limited as they confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of increasingly powerful monarchs and a new class of wealthy people that arose from new trade. (e.g. - Existing Elites: Ottoman timars, Russian boyars, European nobility (Nobles of the Sword)