Bio - Unit 8

levels of organization

individual → population → community → ecosystem → landscape → biosphere

wind patterns

the trade winds are located around the equator and moves air from west to east. the westerlies are located around the pclesand move wind from east to west

solar patterns

the intensity of the sun increases around the equator

tilt of earth and effects

23.5 degree tilt allows for seasons and changing day lengths. it also marks the tropics 23.5 degrees up and down of the equator

rain shadow

when mountains block precipitation creating dry valleys

photic vs aphotic

photic is the area of water where sun light reaches and aphotic is where sunlight does not reach

birth rate + immigration vs death rate + immigration rate

the growth of a population vs its decline

clumped vs uniform vs random populations

clumped is when together in the same space vs organisms are uniformly spread out vs the clustering of organisms is independent of the environment

survivorships (I II and III)

survivorship one is when most organisms die at the end, survivorship II is linear, survivorship III is when most organisms die young and the ones who survive survive the rest

exponential growth

in an ideal world with no limits. rate = birthrate - death rate and the growth rate is determined by the population size multiplied by the rate

logarithmic growth

if there’s a carrying capacity in a limited world.
dN/dt = rn(K-N)/K

carrying capacity

the maximum amount of a certain organisms that an ecosystem can hold

equilibrium in population dynamics

when the birth rate and death rate balance around carrying capacity

ecological niche

a set of abiotic and biotic conditions ideal for a certain organism’s survival

competition and character displacement

types of colorations

cryptic coloration (camouflage), aposematic coloration (warning and real), batesian mimicry (warning and fake), mullein mimicry (multiple species have the same warning colors, partially real)

species relationships

symbiosis, mutualism/ obligated mutualism (must exist), parasitism, predator/prey, herbivism, commensalism

species diversity (Simpson’s index)

1 - summation (total of a species/all species)² for every species

trophic pyramid + decomposers

when ten percent of energy is lost at every level through heat

primary vs secondary succession

primary succession is restart: takes forever, secondary succession is partially disturbed recovery

GPP vs NPP

total energy in the form of organic matter in autotrophs vs NPP= GPP- energy used in autotrophs for cellular respiration. NEP - GPP - total respiration of all organisms

eutriphication

chemical cycles

different types of diversity (bio, genetic, species, ecosystem)

extinction vortex

human harm

biomagnification

climate change