HIST 1301 Module 6 review

Montgomery Convention

Meeting in 1861 where Southern states formed the Confederacy.

Confederate States of America

Government formed by seceding Southern states during the Civil War.

Crisis at Fort Sumter

Conflict in 1861 where Confederate forces fired on a Union fort, starting the Civil War.

Battle of First Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War; Confederate victory showing war would be long.

Battle of Shiloh 1862

battle in Tennessee with heavy casualties; Union strategic victory. ( Grant vs Albert Sydney Johnson)

Peninsula Campaign

Union attempt led by McClellan (union) to capture Richmond (Guarded by Gen. Lee) early in the war. (CSA victory)

This was the closest the Union got to caputuring VA till the end of the war.

Seven Days Battles

Series of battles where Lee pushed McClellan away from Richmond.

Battle of Antietam

Bloodiest single day in U.S. history; gave Lincoln momentum for the Emancipation Proclamation.

Emancipation Proclamation 1863

order freeing enslaved people in Confederate territory if the Union occupied their land.

This lead to the CSA losing its labor forced the further the war progressed.

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point (1863) stopping Lee's invasion of the North. (General Meade vs General Lee) The CSA lost so many men it never fullied recovered their man power.

Battle of Vicksburg

It was really a siege on reliquising CSA control of the Mississippi River to the USA. Ended in Union victory and General Meade getting demoted, General Grant takes his place.

Battle of Chattanooga

Union victory opening the Deep South to invasion.

Splits the CSA into east and western factions, dismantling communications.

Overland Campaign

Grant's relentless campaign against Lee in 1864.

Atlanta Campaign

Sherman's in charge of the western union army. In 1864 he led an offensive capturing of Atlanta.

Shermans "march at sea" burned cities/towns to the ground along the Deep South towards florida, Showcasing the real destructiveness of war.

Appomattox Campaign

Final campaign leading to Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court hHuse in 1865.

Even though Lee surrendered and everyone viewed the war as over, other armies were still active.

Reconstruction Period

after the Civil War focused on rebuilding and reintegrating the South.

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan allowing readmission if 10% of voters pledged loyalty to the USA and that slavery is abolished.

Freedmen's Bureau Bill

Law establishing that the department of war would provide aid for former slaves after the war. (for one year)

Things like education, food rations, free lawyers, clothing and food opportunities.

This was the first time the federal government maintained a social welfare program.

Wade-Davis Manifesto

Statement criticizing Lincoln's lenient reconstruction plan.

The context of the manifesto:

Tensions in congress rose bc congressmen thought that lincoln (who only hold executive seat) is overreaching in his power. The executive branch cannot make laws, that is the congresses job. Lincolns "10% plan" can be argued is overstepping his powers.

2nd Freedmen's Bureau Bill

Legislation expanding aid to former slaves with vetoed by Johnson.

13th Amendment Amendment

abolishing slavery in the United States.

14th Amendment Amendment

granting citizenship and equal protection under the law. (only to men)

15th Amendment Amendment

granting voting rights regardless of race.(only to men)

Reconstruction Acts

Laws that divided the South into military districts and set readmission requirements.

Divided the South into Military Districts: The ten former Confederate states were placed under U.S. Army control, split into five military districts governed by Union generals.

Universal Male Suffrage Required: New state constitutions had to grant the right to vote to all adult male citizens, including African Americans.

Confederate Leaders Disenfranchised: Many former Confederate officials were temporarily barred from voting or holding political office.

New State Constitutions: Southern states were forced to write new constitutions that recognized these voting rights.

Ratification of the 14th Amendment: States had to formally approve the 14th Amendment (granting citizenship and equal protection) to be readmitted to the Union and regain representation in Congress.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Attempt to remove Johnson for violating Reconstruction policies.

Tenure of Office Act

A law restricting presidential removal of cabinet officials without congressional approval.

The Act was a direct result of the power struggle between the Radical Republicans in Congress and President Andrew Johnson over the control of Southern Reconstruction.

Joint Committee

on Reconstruction Congressional group managing and evaluating Reconstruction policy.

Ku Klux Klan

Terrorist group using violence to suppress Black political rights.

Enforcement Acts

Federal laws designed to fight Klan violence and protect voting rights.

Enforcement Act of 1870: Banned the use of violence or intimidation to prevent citizens from voting and established penalties for those who violated the 15th Amendment.

Second Enforcement Act of 1871: Placed national elections under federal control in areas where constitutional violations occurred, allowing federal officials to supervise voting.

Third Enforcement Act of 1871 (KKK Act): Authorized the President to use military force and suspend the right to challenge unlawful imprisonment in court (habeas corpus) to break up white supremacist conspiracies and violence by groups like the Ku Klux Klan.

Readmission

The process by which Southern states were returned to the Union.

Redemption

Period when Democrats regained Southern political control, ending Reconstruction reforms.

Compromise of 1877

Agreement that ended Reconstruction in exchange for resolving the 1876 election.

What was its significance?

End of Reconstruction: It formally ended the federal government's efforts to protect the civil rights and ensure the political participation of African Americans in the South.

Rise of Jim Crow: The withdrawal of federal oversight allowed Southern legislatures to systematically disenfranchise Black voters and implement a century of racial segregation through "Jim Crow laws".

"Great Betrayal": To African Americans, the compromise was a "Great Betrayal" of the promises of equality made during the Civil War and the early Reconstruction amendments, leading to decades of systemic inequality and social restrictions that lasted until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.

Abraham Lincoln

U.S. president during the Civil War; led preservation of the Union and emancipation.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general commanding the Army of Northern Virginia.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general who defeated Lee; later U.S. president.

George B. McClellan

Union general known for caution (remember the pPninsula campaign); ran against Lincoln in 1864.

William T. Sherman

Union general known for "March to the Sea" and total war strategy.

William H. Seward

Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; key political leader.

Andrew Johnson

17th president; his lenient Reconstruction policies led to impeachment.

Charles Sumner

Radical Republican leader advocating civil rights and harsh Reconstruction.

Thaddeus Stevens

Radical Republican leader pushing for strong federal Reconstruction.

William S. Stanton

Secretary of War whose removal triggered Johnson's impeachment crisis.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president; his election deal ended Reconstruction