Exam 3 (Intro to Criminal Justice)

Dual

The United States has a ____________________ court system.

Jurisdiction

The ________ of a case will determine where and what court hears the case.

Appellate

Courts that hear cases after the initial trial are called ____________________ courts.

Prosecutor

The ____________________ makes the decision about whether to file charges for particular crimes and offenders.

Attorney General

The Chief legal officer of a state is known as the ____________________.

Discovery

Information is made available by prosecutors to defense attorneys during the ____________________ process

Police

Prosecutors depend on the cooperation of victims and ________to effectively prosecute suspects.

Conviction

Prosecutors wishing to maintain a high ____________________ rate will drop cases with weak evidence.

Charging

The series of events from the arrest of a suspect to the filing of a formal charge is known as the ____________________ process.

Sixth Amendment

The ______ _______to the U.S. Constitution requires those who are considered indigent the right to counsel if they face the possibility of prison

Public Defender

An attorney employed on a full-time basis by the government to represent the poor is called a ____________________.

Assigned Counsel

When a private attorney is chosen by a court to represent an indigent, they are referred to as ____________________.

Work Group

A _________________ is a collections of individuals who interact in the workplace on a continuing basis, share goals, develop norms regarding how activities should be carried out, and eventually establish a network of roles.

Going Rate

The local court officials’ consensus as to the proper sentence is called the _______________.

Continuance

A __________is an adjournment of an already scheduled case until a later date

Arraignment

Defendants enter a plea (guilty or not guilty) at the ________________.

Motion

A _______is an application to the court requesting that an order be issued to bring about a specific action.

Bail

The amount of money specified by a judge to be paid as a condition of pretrial release is called ________.

Bail Bondsman

A _______ _______ will post bail for a defendant for a fee

Summons

A __________________ is a written order directing an individual to appear in court to answer a criminal charge.

Release on Recognizance (ROR)

Accused persons can be allowed to avoid pretrial incarceration if they are considered a “good risk” to appear. This is known as _________________________.

Preventive

Under the policy of ___________________ detention, suspects can be held without bail if there is a high risk of flight or serious crime by the suspect.

Jails

_______ are often referred to as the ultimate American ghettos.

Exchange Relationships

Plea bargaining is a set of _______ ________ in which the prosecutor, the defense attorney, the defendant, and sometimes the judge participates.

Bench

A trial conducted by a judge without a jury is called a _________________ trial.

Jury

A ______ is a panel of citizens selected according to law and sworn to determine matters of fact in a criminal case and deliver a verdict of guilty or not guilty.

Twelve

Traditionally, jury trials involve juries of _________________ people.

Challenge for cause

A juror can be dismissed from the jury panel if the prosecutor or defense attorney feels they cannot evaluate the evidence against the defendant in a fair manner. This is known as a ______________________.

Peremptory cause

A prospective juror can be dismissed without a particular reason if an attorney decides to use a _______ _______.

Direct evidence

An example of ________________would be an actual eyewitness account of the crime, itself.

Rebuttal

_____________ witnesses are called to discredit or counteract evidence presented by the opposing counsel.

Closing arguments

Both the prosecution and defense make _________________ to the jury after the presentation of all the evidence.

Reasonable Doubt

The prosecutor carries the burden of proving that the defendant is guilty of a crime beyond a _______________.

Appeal

A request to a higher court to review actions taken in a completed trial is called a(n) ___________________.

Habeas Corpus

A writ or order requesting the release of a person being detained in prison is called a writ of ___________________.

Retribution

________ is a punishment goal inflicted on a person who has harmed others and so deserves to be penalized.

Specific deterrence

____________________ occurs when a convicted offender does not commit a future crime for fear of receiving a known punishment.

General Deterrence

____________________ is punishment designed to be an example for the public.

Incapacitation

___________________ is the goal of punishment that is designed to keep offenders in prison so they do not cause harm to the public.

selective incapacitation

Making the best use of expensive and limited prison space by targeting for incarceration those individuals whose incapacity will do the most to reduce crime in society is referred to ________

restorative justice

_______ ________is a punishment goal designed to repair the damage done to the victim and the community.

rehabilitation

The goal of restoring a convicted offender to society through educational training is called ____________________.

determinate sentence

A ____________________ sentence fixes the term of imprisonment at a specific period of time.

indeterminate sentence

________________ is a period set by a judge that specifies a minimum and a maximum time to be served in prison

presumptive sentence

_________________ sets a minimum and maximum range of month and years; allowing judges the ability to fix the length of the sentence within that range, while applying special circumstances.

Mandatory sentence

A ____________________ sentence is determined by statute and cannot be altered by a judge.

Parole

If an offender is released early for positive behavior, it is known as ____________________.

Intermediate

Punishments that fall somewhere between the extremes of prison and probation are referred to as ____________________ sanctions

Probation

____________________ is the punishment with the lowest level of control that can be imposed by the correctional system.

Shock probation

Sentences that combine short periods of incarceration with regular probation are referred to as ____________________.