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Stereotypes
Beliefs or associations that link whole groups of people with certain traits or characteristics.
Prejudice
Discrimination
Racism
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background; may exist at institutional and cultural levels.
Sexism
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, often promoting the domination of one gender over another.
Stereotype Threat
The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group.
Social Identity Theory
The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem.
Ingroup Favoritism
The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups.
Jigsaw Classroom
A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to interpret, seek, and create information that confirms one's existing beliefs.
Illusory Correlation
An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated.
Automatic Stereotype Activation
The process by which exposure to a member of a stereotyped group triggers the stereotype in the perceiver's mind, often unconsciously.
System Justification Theory
The theory that proposes that people are motivated to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions.
Realistic Conflict Theory
The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.
Aversive Racism
A form of racism characterized by ambivalence; individuals may sincerely endorse racial equality but have unconscious prejudicial feelings.
Stigmatized
Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group.
Microaggression
Subtle, everyday, unintentional, and oftentimes dismissive interactions or behaviors that convey prejudiced messages.
Culture and Socialization
The process by which people learn the norms, rules, and stereotypes of their culture or group without explicit instruction.
Stereotype Content Model
A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth.
Social Role Theory
The theory that perceived sex differences are magnified by the unequal social roles occupied by men and women.
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