NON MENDELIAN GENETICS (with a few examples and pics :3)

incomplete dominance

both alleles are PARTIALLY expressed in an intermediate phenotype (blended to make a 3rd phenotype)

codominance

both allles of a gene are DISTINCTLY expressed (half and half separately)

multiple alleles

more than two varieties exist in a trait (example: blood types)

antigens

a protein that can TRIGGER the production of antibody, the label for blood types

WHY O IS UNIVERSAL DONOR?
NO LABEL = OTHER TYPES DOESN’T SEE AS A THREAT (like the blood type is unknown, that’s why O can donate to anyone, because the other blood types don’t think its a threat)

antibodies

a protein produced by the immune system which detects and destroys foreign substances (different from white blood cells by the way, antibodies are produced by B cells)

WHY AB IS UNIVERSAL RECEIVER?
NO SOLDIERS = BLOOD TYPE WONT FIGHT (like the blood type detects the different type of blood, but it can’t do anything about it and just welcomes it, that’s why AB can receive from anyone, because it wont start attacking other types that mix with it)

epistasis

an INTERACTION between the products of two genes in which one of the genes (one pair of alleles) modify the phenotypic expression produced by the other gene (the other pair of alleles)

EX: lets say letter A is for the color (the hypostatic gene) (lets use red), and letter B is for whether or not the color shows (the epistatic gene)

1. AABB (color is red, and it shows)

2. AaBB (color is red, and it shows)

3. AABb (color is red, and it shows)

4. aaBB (color is white, and it shows)

5. aaBb (color is white, and it shows)

6. aabb (color isnt red, and it doesnt show - still white)

7. EEbb (color is red, but it doesnt show, so it makes a completely different color)

8. Eebb (color is red, but it doesnt show, so it makes a completely different color)

epistatic

the gene (one pair of alleles) that does the masking/covering of the other gene

hypostatic

the gene that is being masked/covered by the other gene

sex-linked trait

genes for some traits are found on the SEX CHROMOSOME (X or Y, but mostly X)

DOMINANT = Normal, RECESSIVE = has a trait

FEM:
1. X(A) X(A) - both dominant, so normal without traits

2. X(A) X(a) - one dominant, so normal but carrying a trait

3. X(a) X(a) - both recessive, so is affected and shows traits

MALE:
1. X(A) Y - dominant, so normal without traits

2. X(a) Y - recessive, so is affected and shows traits

   (males don’t have another X chromosome to help cover up/overpower the recessive trait)

color blindness

the inability to distinguish other colors under normal lighting conditions (in the spectrum of blue, green, and red lights)

hemophilia

a hereditary condition wherein blood fails to clot due to the absence of protein in blood called FIBRIN (basically, when there is a cut/wound, the platelets with fibrin don’t go there and clot it…)

sex-influenced trait

autosomal traits that are influenced by sex (example: baldness, which only shows up in X chromosome and is influenced by male hormones like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone)

autosomal traits

traits that are only found in one sex (example: male birds are more colorful than female birds, which are blander)

blood type A compatibility

OPTIONAL TO STUDY

A has the A label, meaning that it only knows that A is good to go. If it senses anything that isnt A, it will trigger and send in antibodies to attack it

(but this doesnt apply when blood type A is donated, only when blood type A receives other blood types)

blood type B compatibility

OPTIONAL TO STUDY

B has the B label, meaning that it only knows that B is good to go. If it senses anything that isnt B, it will trigger and send in antibodies to attack it

(but this doesnt apply when blood type B is donated, only when blood type B receives other blood types)