geography gcse paper 1 keywords

development indicator

a factor that can be measured. used to measure development of a country

birth rate

the number of live births per 1000 of the population

death rate

the number of deaths per 1000 of the population

life expectancy

the number of years a person is expected to live, on average

doctors per 1000 people

the numbers of patients per doctor for every 1000 of the people

HDI

measurement of development based on life expectancy, education, and income.

infant mortality rate

the rate of deaths per babies under 1 year old, per 1000 live births

GDP per capita

the total value of goods and services produced by a country divided by the population

literacy rate

the percentage of the population who can read and write

GNI

the measure of a country’s GDP, as well as the money earned overseas

corruption perception index

index that scores and ranks countries by the levels of public corruption

population pyramid

a bar graph which shows the age and gender structure of a country, city or other area

young dependents

the proportion of the population under the age of 16

elderly dependents

the proportion of a population under the age of 65

colonialism

acquiring control over another country, exploiting it economically

neo-colonialism

the dominance of poor countries by rich countries, through trade and culture

topography

the shape and form of the landscape

systems of governance

how a government rules its country through laws and enforcement

international relations

the relationships for trade and peace between countries

TNC

a company with its headquarters in a developed country but operates in lots of different countries

FDI

investments made by one country to another country normally through TNCs

globalisation

the process of the world becoming more interconnected

solar insolation

energy from the sun

air pressure

the weight of the atmosphere

ocean currents

how heat can be transferred in oceans by sinking cold water at the poles and rising warm water at the equator

global atmospheric circulation

the movement of air around the earth to try and balance the temperature

sunspot theory

black areas on the sun that tell us that the sun is more active than usual, increasing global temperatures

eruption theory

ash and gases released by a volcanic eruption, blocking out the sun and reducing global temperatures

orbital theory

Over very long time scales, the earth’s orbit around the sun changes. This effects the amount of sunlight received by Earth and therefore the temperature.

ice core

long pieces of ice that contain layers. trapped air bubbles show the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and evidence for the climate in the past

tree rings

periods of growth can be seen from the number of rings in a tree - each ring is one year. the larger the gap between each ring, the more growth

enhance greenhouse effect

the greenhouse effect is increases by gases including carbon dioxide, increasing the rate of warming rapidly