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When is the unknown project due?
August 3rd
What are primary characteristics of bacteria?
morphology, gram reaction, growth pattern
What are the secondary characteristics of bacteria?
metabolic abilities, serology (use of antibodies)
What is Bergey’s Manual?
a classification of bacteria based on similarities in rRNA
What is the largest bodily organ?
Skin
What are some purposes of skin?
keeps us insulated, keeps things out
What are transient microbiota?
temporary microbiota that usually make us sick
What is normal microbiota?
the microbes that are permanently there
What is microbial antagonism?
the normal microbiota prevent the growth of transient microbiota
What are 2 features of skin that help stop the growth of transient microbiota?
Salt from sweat and dryness
What is a portal of entry?
any sort of exposed or open part of the skin that allows bacteria to get into the body
What is symbiosis?
close association between 2 organisms
What are the 4 types of symbiosis?
commensalism, mutualism, parasitism, and competition
What is commensalism?
one organism benefits while the other is unaffected
What is mutualism?
both organisms benefit
What is parasitism?
One organisms benefits while the other is harmed
What is competition?
organisms compete for the same resources in the same space at the same time
Where are the most bacteria on our body?
moist areas like feet, folds, and armpits
What bacteria is dominant on the skin?
Staphylococcus
What are the characteristics of Staphylococcus?
gram positive, produces catalase, facultative anaerobes
What does Staphylococcus aureus produce?
coagulase
What is coagulase?
enzyme that clogs the fibrin in the blood
How many people possess Staphylococcus in their nose?
30%
What is MRSA?
methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
What is bad about MRSA?
it is incredibly resistant to most antibiotics used to treat staph
What is HA-MRSA?
health-care associated MRSA
Where is MRSA usually spread?
through invasive procedures and from healthcare workers not washing their hands before touching patients
Why is MSA good for isolating skin bacteria?
it creates an ideal environment that mimics the skin and it allows us to differentiate between pathogenic (yellow plate, ferments mannitol) and red plate (cannot ferment mannitol)
How is the respiratory tract divided?
Upper and lower respiratory tract
What is included in the upper respiratory tract?
nose, nasal cavity, and throat
What is included in the lower respiratory tract?
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What are common bacteria found in the throat?
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Haemophilus
Which part of the respiratory system is sterile?
Lower respiratory tract because of cilia escalator constantly pushing up mucus
What is the most widely found bacteria in throat cultures?
Streptococcus
How do we tell between pathogenic and nonpathogenic streptococcus?
testing hemolytic reactions on sheep blood agar
What is sheep blood agar made of?
defibrinated sheep blood and NaCl
What is alpha-hemolysis and what colonies will we see?
partial destruction of blood cells caused by hydrogen peroxide
green cloud around colony
What is beta-hemolysis and what colonies will we see?
complete destruction of blood cells
clearing around the colony
pathogenic organism
What is gamma-hemolysis and what colonies will we see?
blood cells left in tact
no visible change in colony
How do we incubate blood agar?
in a candle jar to create a microaerophilic environment
What is an issue with yeast?
while it is normally present, it can grow out of control and cause infection
How do we observe yeast morphology?
With a simple stain
How do we grow yeast?
We use sabouraud dextrose agar to select for yeast and molds
What is urine?
liquid waste produced by the kidneys, collected in the bladder, and excreted through the urethra
What does transparent/ pale yellow urine mean?
normal
What does clear urine mean?
overhydrated
What does dark yellow urine mean?
dehydration
What does dark orange/brown urine mean?
jaundice
What does pink urine mean?
too many beets
What does green urine mean?
ate asparagus
What does blue urine mean?
ingested methylene blue
What does black urine mean?
melanuria
Is the upper urinary tract sterile?
yes
Is the lower urinary tract sterile?
no
What are the normal microbiota in the lower urinary tract?
mostly gram positive
Are men or women more likely to get a UTI?
women are 30 times more likely
What indicates a UTI?
more than 1000 bacterium from the same species or more than 100 coliforms
How do we prevent UTIs?
hydration, cranberries, vitamin C, and probiotics
How many people did research indicate wash their hands after using public restrooms?
67%
Why should you close your lid when you flush?
Bioaerosols are released
Is MacConkey agar differential or selective?
selective for gram negative, differential for coliforms
How much bacteria is in the large intestine?
10^11 bacteria/ gram of feces
How much of your immune system is influenced by the gut microbiome?
70%
What is a probiotic?
contain live microorganisms, like lactobacillus
What is a prebiotic?
do not contain microorganisms but help feed what is already in the gut
What is good about the appendix?
creates a safehouse for bacteria that can help replenish gut microbiome
What is not good about the appendix?
when it ruptures, the bacteria there could get in other parts of the body and cause severe issues
What kind of bacteria are in the large intestine?
anaerobes and facultative anaerobes
What is the cause of most GI disease?
ingestion of contaminated food or water
Is tomato juice agar selective or differential?
enrichment agar, selective for lactobacillus
How do we incubate tomato juice agar?
in a CO2 jar to create an anaerobic environment
What indicator does TSI slant use?
phenol red
What are the possible results from the TSI slant?
yellow from production of acid, motility of bacteria to the bottom if anaerobic, production of black precipitate from production of hydrogen sulfide, and release of hydrogen gas
What is epidemiology?
Science that deals with when and where diseases occur and how they \n are transmitted in the human population
What are communicable diseases?
diseases spread directly or indirectly from one host to another
What are noncommunicable diseases?
diseases that cannot be transmitted from one host to another
What is an endemic disease?
one that is constantly present in the population
What is an epidemic disease?
when people in a given area acquire a disease in a short period of time
What is a pandemic?
When a disease crosses borders and affects people worldwide in a short period of time
What is droplet infection?
when microorganisms carried on liquid drops from a cough or sneeze cause disease
What is a fomite?
an inanimate object that carries contaminants that cause disease
What are vectors?
insects or other arthropods that carry pathogens
What happens during mechanical transmission?
insects carry a pathogen on their feet and may transfer it to a person’s food
What happens during biological transmission?
the arthropod bites someone
What is a reservoir?
a continual source of an infection
What are carriers?
humans who harbor pathogens but do not exhibit any signs of disease
How do you calculate infection rate?
#of infected individuals/ population at risk
What is the optimal temperature for growth of psychrophilic bacteria?
15 C or below
What is the optimal temperature for growth of psychrotrophic bacteria?
20-30 C
What is the optimal temperature for growth of mesophilic bacteria?
25-40 C
What is the optimal temperature for growth of thermophilic bacteria?
45-65 C
What is the optimal temperature for growth of hyperthermophilic bacteria?
80 C or above
What are the methods of dry heat?
hot ovens or Bunsen burners
What is the temperature and time for using dry heat to sterilize?
170 C for 2 hours
What are the methods of moist heat?
boiling, pasteurization, and autoclaving
What are the temperatures and times for pasteurization?
63 C for 30 min or 72 C for 15 seconds
What is the temperature and time for boiling?
100 C for 10 min
What are the autoclave numbers?
121 C at 15 psi for 15 minutes
What is ionizing radiation?
X rays and gamma rays, ionize water into highly reactive free radicals that can break strands of DNA
What is nonionizing radiation?
ones essential for biochemical processes