Ed Psych Final

Practice Quize

Mrs. Robbins teaches third grade. Her students are studying fractions. She has planned for a variety of instructional and assessment activities. Her students will practice working problems involving the addition/subtraction and multiplication/division of fractions until they remember to use the appropriate methods for handling like and unlike denominators. They will also work exercises in which they will be required to identify equivalent and nonequivalent values. Additionally, students will work in groups using fractions to measure ingredients for a snack they will prepare. At the end of the unit, all students will take an exam on which they will solve equations and write an essay about the use of fractions outside of math class. Mrs. Robbins's methods are best described as an application of ____________ view of intelligence.
A) David Wechsler's
B) Robert Sternberg's
C) Howard Gardner's
D) Alfred Binet's

B) Robert Sternberg's

For the most part, IQ scores are
A) changeable early in life but not thereafter
B) not subject to change
C) useless
D) subject to change

D) subject to change

Stephen, a highly creative and intelligent student, is not doing well in school. He has tried to conform to his teacher's methods of instruction and evaluation, and he has discussed with her what instructional changes she might make to allow him to enhance his motivation and performance. However, the teacher is unable to accommodate him because of time constraints. Stephen speaks to his parents about enrolling in a private, alternative school that would offer him a more adaptive learning environment. Sternberg would likely argue that Stephen has a high degree of ____________ intelligence.
A) intrapersonal
B) analytical
C) practical
D) interpersonal

C) practical

Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence is
A) broader in scope than traditional views of intelligence
B) less helpful than traditional views of intelligence
C) narrower in scope than traditional views of intelligence
D) the same as Robert Sternberg's

A) broader in scope than traditional views of intelligence

Learning styles are thought of as
A) the willingness of learners to adapt to the demands of the classroom
B) a consistent preference for responding to intellectual tasks in a particular way
C) the ability to respond in different ways to tasks that have different contents and demands
D) abilities that determine academic success

B) consistent preference for responding to intellectual tasks in a particular way

Maria has a history project to complete. First, she makes a list of the events that relate to her topic. She decides which ones are the most interesting and then creates several sample outlines, each with a different combination of events. She then researches all of the events at the library and on her computer. Last, she selects the outline that will work best, given the information she was able to find on particular topics and how interesting each one was, and revises it if necessary. Now she is ready to begin writing. According to Jerome Kagan, Maria exhibits which of the following?
A) reflectivity
B) field-independence
C) impulsivity
D) field-dependence

A) reflectivity

A high school girl elects to take trigonometry and biology but not calculus and physics, aspires to a career in nursing rather than computer science, and rarely participates in class discussions. This pattern most likely reflects the effects of
A) gender differences in ability
B) poor quality instruction
C) gender bias
D) gender-based learning styles

C) gender bias

Enriqué, who is in ninth grade, has exhibited a high level of logical-mathematical ability but a low level of spatial ability. His parents want him to pursue a career in math or science but are concerned that he may choose a career that does not place such a heavy emphasis on spatial ability. Enriqué's parents approach you asking for advice on how his spatial ability could be improved. If you shared Howard Gardner's views about intelligence, which of the following statements would guide your response to Enriqué's parents?
A) levels of specific intelligences can be increased only for very young children
B) many factors, in addition to intelligence, influence an individual's interests and career choice
C) intelligence test scores are stable indicators of ability and cannot be changed significantly
D) instruction should be aimed at each intelligence across every subject in order to develop all intelligences

B) many factors, in addition to intelligence, influence an individual's interests and career choice

If you decided to design your classroom assessments so they were consistent with the research on learning styles, which of the following would you do?
A) all of these answers
B) let students choose the assessment method they prefer
C) use different assessment methods on each test
D) use different assessment methods across all tests given during a grading period

A) all of these answers

It has been argued that the concept of intelligence encompasses more than the sum of one's tested abilities. According to the text, which of the following might suggest an aspect of intelligence that is not measured by traditional intelligence tests?
A) moral reasoning at the level of Kohlberg's postconventional stage
B) the ability to pick out major and minor themes in a piece of classical literature
C) the ability to score well on law or medical school boards
D) the ability to develop a logical counterargument to a point of view

A) moral reasoning at the level of Kohlberg's postconventional stage

Mr. Sanjabi's kindergarten class attends a computer lab twice each week. He has three educational programs available for his students. He assigns the reading program to those students who have difficulty with language arts. Students with poor math ability practice those skills using the math program. He also has a program that focuses on learning to be considerate and polite toward others. This third program is best described as an example of using technology to develop
A) interpersonal intelligence
B) analytical intelligence
C) general intelligence
D) specific intelligence

A) interpersonal intelligence

To avoid putting students with particular learning styles at a disadvantage teacher should
A) vary their approach to instruction
B) use and approach to instruction that most students like and stick to it
C) teach students how to adjust to the teacher's learning style
D) determine a new approach at the beginning of each school year

A) vary their approach to instruction

Which of the arguments below best supports the practice of using a variety of assessment methods on all tests?
A) Different types of test items and formats will reduce the temptation for students to cheat.
B)Students tend to pay more attention to lessons and text material when they know they will be tested in different ways.
C) The quality of teachers' tests improves when different types of items and formats are used.
D) Teachers can more accurately assess what students have learned when they use a variety of item types and formats.

D) Teachers can more accurately assess what students have learned when they use a variety of item types and formats.

Zamir enjoys working with model rockets. His most recent project involved an extremely complex model that required several hours of assembly. Sternberg would probably say that Zamir's style is
A) judicial
B) executive
C) external
D) oligarchic

B) executive

When five-year-old Mikey brought his brand-new crane to preschool, which of the following most likely occurred?
A) The other boys were not particularly interested in playing with the crane.
B) The preschool girls wanted to learn about cranes and how they are used.
C) Both the boys and the girls in his class wanted to play with him because gender-based differences in toy preferences are not apparent at such young ages.
D) The other boys wanted to play with Mikey and were very interested in his new crane.

D) The other boys wanted to play with Mikey and were very interested in his new crane.

Assume that you are a preschool or kindergarten teacher and would like to help your students more accurately assess their capability for performing particular tasks. You consult Chapter 3 of Psychology Applied to Teaching and decide on the basis of the research findings summarized there that you should
A) allow your students to perform the task several times so they can compare their prior performance to the most recent one.
B) have your students compare their performance to that of a peer who has done the task correctly.
C) create a relatively unstructured classroom that emphasizes free play.
D) ignore the issue until the children are older and in Piaget's concrete operational stage of cognitive development.

B) have your students compare their performance to that of a peer who has done the task correctly.

Third grade is a time when
A) children are likely to get hurt because they become overconfident in their physical skills.
B) children's penmanship becomes more like adults'.
C) most children have not yet developed a high degree of motor control.
D) children finally have the necessary stamina to get through a day of school with minimal rest periods.

A) children are likely to get hurt because they become overconfident in their physical skills.

An elementary-age child who seems to waste time in class rather than working to complete assignments should be
A) praised or given a small reward whenever he or she does complete an assignment.
B) admonished in front of the class for not keeping up with the assignments.
C) provided with a tutor so that the child can catch up.
D) ignored and allowed to suffer the consequences.

A) praised or given a small reward whenever he or she does complete an assignment.

One way to encourage a sense of industry in an elementary school child who consistently fails to complete homework assignments is to
A) ignore the problem and let the child suffer the consequences.
b) gently admonish the child in front of the class that homework assignments need to be taken seriously.
C) provide praise or a small reward when the child does finish assignments on time.
D) suggest that the child rely on classmates to help with the assignments.

C) provide praise or a small reward when the child does finish assignments on time.

Which of the following statements would be consistent with research on gender differences in children's motor skill performance in the primary grades?
A) Girls are slightly better broad jumpers than boys.
B) Girls tend to surpass boys on tasks that involve rhythmic movements.
C) Boys are slightly better than girls on tasks involving batting and throwing, but girls can run a lot faster.
D) Boys, on the average, have better balance and are more flexible than girls.

B) Girls tend to surpass boys on tasks that involve rhythmic movements.

Elementary children's self-images are
A) composed of a self-description, self-esteem, and self-concept.
B) based on comparisons with peers.
C) relatively stable because of their generalized nature.
D) All of these answers.

D) All of these answers.

Juvenile delinquents are least likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?
A) respect for the role of education
B) lack of respect for rules and authority figures
C) an unstable family structure
D) rejection by most of their classmates

A) respect for the role of education

An eleven-year-old girl who is taller and heavier than an eleven-year-old male classmate is
A)probably not interested in the things most girls are interested in at the age of eleven.
B) unusual, since size differences between boys and girls are virtually nonexistent at this age.
C) likely to excel in sports because of her size.
D) not at all unusual for this age.

D) not at all unusual for this age.

Students who have a strong sense of self-efficacy will likely
A) abandon tasks when progress becomes difficult because they tend to be perfectionists.
B) avoid novel tasks because they are not able to conceptualize the probability of success over failure.
C) ask a teacher for help as soon as a task becomes difficult because they are very realistic about their abilities and limitations.
D) have high expectations of success and, therefore, persist on a given task even when it becomes difficult.

D) have high expectations of success and, therefore, persist on a given task even when it becomes difficult.

Which of the following best describes the influence parents or peers have on adolescent behavior?
A) Parents influence styles and tastes.
B) Parents influence occupational choices.
C) Peers influence achievement aspirations.
D) Peers influence long-term goals.

B) Parents influence occupational choices.

Juvenile delinquents are most likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?
A) They are often competent in basic skills but are not interested in demonstrating their academic skills.
B) They care little about schoolwork and are easily distracted from it.
C) They are envied by their classmates.
D) They typically come from lower-SES families.

B) They care little about schoolwork and are easily distracted from it.

The early-maturing male middle school student is likely to draw favorable responses from adults because he
A) is no longer concerned about the impact of puberty.
B) tends to be more sophisticated socially than his age-mates.
C) is more capable of formal operations than his age-mates.
D) looks more like an adult.

D) looks more like an adult.

The middle school student most likely to have low self-esteem and suffer from depression, yet be popular with members of the opposite sex is the
A) early-maturing boy.
B) late-maturing girl.
C) late-maturing boy.
D) early-maturing girl.

D) early-maturing girl.

Which of the following statements concerning children's play activity in preschool and kindergarten is generally supported by research?
A) Free play contributes to young children's social, emotional, and cognitive development.
B) Time devoted to free play activities should be limited since they provide no noticeable academic benefits.
C) Young children's play activities should be structured and supervised by adults since children engage in the same type of play over and over.
D) Young children show little interest in play activities.

A) Free play contributes to young children's social, emotional, and cognitive development.

“I would love to run across my mom's new white carpet after playing in the mud just to see what cool designs I could make. I won't though because I am afraid that she would get mad at me.” These thoughts reflect which level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) primary

B) preconventional

A child who has had an unpleasant experience with dogs and who believes that dogs are mean walks down the street and encounters a dog that wags its tail at her. The child interprets the dog's behavior as threatening and runs away. Later, when she describes the dog to her parents and how it wagged its tail, the parents explain that this is a friendly response in dogs. Thus, the child begins to ____________ by changing what she believes about dogs.
A) accommodate
B) equilibrate
C) assimilate
D) organize

A) accommodate

A student is told by his science teacher that toads are not reptiles, as the student had originally thought. The student checks an animal taxonomy (classification) book out of the library in order to determine exactly what toads are, if not reptiles. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this student is attempting to
A) enhance the discrepancy between the old and new perceptions of what it is to be a toad.
B) increase the disequilibrium caused by his science teacher.
C) create a dichotomy in his understanding of animal life.
D) reorganize his scheme of animal systems.

D) reorganize his scheme of animal systems.

According to Erikson, if Robert has successfully resolved the psychosocial crisis of adolescence, he is now able to
A) think abstractly about philosophical issues.
B) understand group dynamics and get along well with others.
C) view himself as having a meaningful role in life.
D) form a strong romantic attachment to another person, marry, and plan to begin a family.

C) view himself as having a meaningful role in life.

According to Marcia, what identity status is usually the last to emerge developmentally?
A) identity achievement
B) identity diffusion
C) moratorium
D) foreclosure

A) identity achievement

According to Vygotsky,

A) genetically determined factors predispose how effectively children assimilate, accommodate, and equilibrate new information.
B) peer interactions do more to stimulate cognitive development than do interactions with adults.
C) children benefit greatly from information handed down to them by those who are more cognitively advanced.
D) Piaget was incorrect in asserting that the formal operational stage was the highest level of cognitive development.

C) children benefit greatly from information handed down to them by those who are more cognitively advanced.

According to Vygotsky, one's culture

A) strongly influences what we learn and how we think.
B) plays no role in cognitive development.
C) affects how we relate to one another but not how we think.
D) plays a weak role in cognitive development

A) strongly influences what we learn and how we think.

As an example of mastery of formal operations, a teacher might ask students to
A) write an adventure story in which they play the role of the main character.
B) list the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plastic products.
C) name all fifty states.
D) calculate the area of a triangle.

A) write an adventure story in which they play the role of the main character.

As described by Erikson, a psychosocial moratorium
A) creates a negative identity state.
B) refers to a symptom of emotional instability.
C) should be a period of postponing commitment.
D) refers to a wish to be alone.

C) should be a period of postponing commitment.

Brian is an only child whose father is a president of a large corporation, while his mother is a lawyer at a busy law firm. Brian has always enjoyed the company of other children partly, he believes, because he wasn't around children much except at school. He is particularly intrigued with young children's development and is thinking of majoring in early-childhood education in college. His parents are not happy with Brian's decision, and his father puts a great deal of pressure on him to major in business or pre-law. Brian isn't sure what to do. His situation is an example of
A) role confusion.
B) psychosocial moratorium.
C) identity achievement.
D) negative identity.

A) role confusion.

Eight-year-old Elizabeth is given a butterfly net for her birthday. She spends hours and hours capturing all kinds of creatures: butterflies, moths, crickets, grasshoppers, beetles, aphids, and pill bugs, to name just a few. She notices that some of the creatures have six legs and some have eight. She also notices that some have hard covers over their wings and others don't. She takes note of these differences and begins to separate her creatures according to the differences she notes. Which of the following, according to Piaget, is the process in which Elizabeth is engaging?

A) assimilation
B) foreclosure
C) organization
D) equilibrium

C) organization

Ephraim, a student at Central State University, where parking spaces for students are few and far between, refuses to attempt to park in the spaces designated for students. Further, he will not buy a student parking sticker for his car. Though he receives numerous tickets, he continues to blatantly ignore all parking rules and regulations. Which of the following answers would describe postconventional justification for his behavior?

A) Campus security is oblivious to the needs of the students and should not be part of the parking division.
B) He is not aware of how his actions may harm the student body.
C) It is wrong for the university to make students pay for a service they can't guarantee.
D) He parks where he wants because his mom told him to do so.

C) It is wrong for the university to make students pay for a service they can't guarantee.

Erikson uses the epigenetic principle to hypothesize that personality development is related to

A) a series of interrelated stages of development, all of which have a critical period.
B) factors that for the most part are independent of chronological age.
C) genetic factors rather than environmental factors.
D) the prenatal period of development because each psychosocial stage is genetically determined.

A) a series of interrelated stages of development, all of which have a critical period.

If you wanted to use computer-based technology in a way that was consistent with Piaget's principle of cognitive disequilibrium, which of the following applications would you select?

A) teleapprenticeship programs
B) drill-and-practice software
C) simulated learning environment (microworld) software
D) tutorial software

C) simulated learning environment (microworld) software

If you wanted to use computer-based technology in a way that was consistent with Vygotsky's principles of cognitive development, which of the following applications would you select?

A) microcomputer-based laboratory software
B) simulated learning environment (microworld) software
C) teleapprenticeship programs
D) drill-and-practice software

C) teleapprenticeship programs

If you were to give a set of moral dilemmas to a sample of males and females, which of the following is most likely to describe the results?

A) Females will invoke a caring/helping/cooperation orientation 55% of the time, and males will invoke a justice/fairness/individual rights orientation 55% of the time.
B) Males will invoke a justice/fairness/individual rights orientation 75% of the time, and females will invoke a caring/helping/cooperation orientation 75% of the time.
C) Males and females will invoke a justice/fairness/individual rights orientation 50% of the time and a caring/helping/cooperation orientation 50% of the time.
D) Females will invoke a justice/fairness/individual rights orientation 75% of the time, and males will invoke a caring/helping/cooperation orientation 75% of the time.

A) Females will invoke a caring/helping/cooperation orientation 55% of the time, and males will invoke a justice/fairness/individual rights orientation 55% of the time.

In his work on the development of moral reasoning in children, Piaget found that

A) eight-year-olds take into consideration the motive in wrongdoing.
B) young children tend to be much more literal than adolescents in their interpretation of rules.
C) eight- and twelve-year-olds go through the same process and arrive at essentially the same conclusions in determining the degree of guilt for any given crime.
D) adolescents judge the degree of guilt by the magnitude of the crime, with no thought for the intentions of the wrongdoer.

B) young children tend to be much more literal than adolescents in their interpretation of rules.

Mr. Kyle, a middle school teacher, is interested in enhancing his students' understanding of the Holocaust. If he follows the suggestions of Piaget, he would most likely provide the appropriate readings and

A) discuss the event with students one-on-one.
B) allow students to discuss the topic with their peers.
C) suggest that the students watch a video that portrays the Holocaust accurately and provides expert commentary.
D) encourage the students to discuss the lesson with their parents in order to get the perspective of those they respect.

B) allow students to discuss the topic with their peers.

Ms. Fortunato, a secondary school teacher in the United States, is interested in how Piaget's findings might apply to children in preindustrial countries. Recent evidence suggests that

A) while the sequence of stages appears to be culturally universal, the rate of development may vary cross-culturally.
B) rates of development are consistent in most cultures, but many children in tribal communities skip the formal-operational stage of development.
C) formal operational thought is evident only in industrialized countries.
D) the sequence of Piaget's stages is culturally dependent.

A) while the sequence of stages appears to be culturally universal, the rate of development may vary cross-culturally.

Piaget's work in moral development suggests that the typical six-year-old

A) believes that rules are flexible.
B) has a realistic view of honesty and dishonesty.
C) holds that behavior is right or wrong.
D) considers the intentions of an act.

C) holds that behavior is right or wrong.

Piaget's work in moral development suggests that the typical twelve-year-old

A) determines guilt by the amount of damage.
B) takes a single, absolute moral stand.
C) believes that extenuating circumstances should be considered.
D) cannot consider the intentions behind an act.

C) believes that extenuating circumstances should be considered.

Rhonda, a sixth grader, loves to work in her father's wood shop crafting items that she designs. Often, however, when she approaches her father about letting her work with him, he dismisses her requests and tells her that she should “help your mother in the kitchen and stay out of my way.” According to Erikson, Rhonda

A) is at risk for developing feelings of inferiority.
B) will certainly never have feelings of inferiority.
C) may not work with wooden craft items until she is older and her gender role is properly formed.
D) may have trust issues in any relationship.

A) is at risk for developing feelings of inferiority.

To help him determine whether various cities and towns in his state lie to the north, south, east, or west of his community, Manuel's teacher has taught him to visualize a map of the state with Manuel standing on where his town is located. To Lev Vygotsky, this is an example of

A) a psychological tool.
B) scaffolding.
C) empirical learning.
D) spontaneous concept learning.

A) a psychological tool.

Which of the following classroom practices would be most appropriate for children at Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority?

A) placing completed assignments in each student's Successful Work folder
B) displaying charts listing the best students in various activities
C)awarding extra points for students who finish assignments quickly
D) stressing the importance of earning high grades

A) placing completed assignments in each student's Successful Work folder

Which of the following concepts is characteristic of adolescent egocentrism?

A) psychosocial moratorium
B) inability to take another's point of view
C) preoccupation with self and how one appears to others
D) foreclosure

C) preoccupation with self and how one appears to others

The concept of cultural pluralism holds that
A) people can rise above their particular culture and become culture-free
B) all cultures within a society should be respected by all members of that society
C) different cultures have their own beliefs and behavioral norms, but cultural values are universal
D) all cultures are basically the same and should be considered equal

B) all cultures within a society should be respected by all members of that society

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the teacher expectancy effect?

A) Karrie's reading achievement declines from one testing to the next because she does not like her teacher.
B) Lonnie's reading achievement increases dramatically after he is criticized by his teacher for being a poorly motivated student.
C) Bobby's achievement test scores increase because he wants to show his teacher that he is smarter than everyone else in class.
D) Linda's achievement test scores increase because her teacher, who feels Linda is gifted, begins to expect more of her.

D) Linda's achievement test scores increase because her teacher, who feels Linda is gifted, begins to expect more of her.

In light of the chapter discussion on cultural differences, if you have a young African American student in your fourth-grade class who consistently has problems working on assignments alone, which of the following might you consider in trying to help?

A) Assume that the child has reading difficulties and make arrangements for her to be evaluated.
B) Provide either negative or positive reinforcement to encourage the child to read the required assignments.
C) Make arrangements to speak to the child's parents about the child's refusal to participate in school.
D) Try letting the student work cooperatively with peers.

D) Try letting the student work cooperatively with peers.

Which of the following conditions likely contributes to the achievement gap between minority and white students?

Tip: see pages 153-157
A) low need to achieve
B) inadequate health care
C) all of the above
D) growing up in a one-parent family

C) all of the above

Multicultural programs attempt to...

Tip: see Table 5-2 on page 171
A) reduce ethnocentrism by teaching students which cultures have the right interpretation of various historical and cultural events and which do not.
B) help students analyze which harmful social stereotypes are not supported by scientific fact and which are.
C) reduce ethnocentrism by allowing students the opportunity to understand how different cultural groups perceive and have influenced historical events.
D) help students master reading, writing, and computation skills in a context that makes mainstream American culture more appealing to culturally diverse students.

C) reduce ethnocentrism by allowing students the opportunity to understand how different cultural groups perceive and have influenced historical events.

Advocates of mastery learning believe that this approach

A) can help foster all students' perseverance if rewards, length of learning units, and teaching methods are appropriate.
B) should be restricted to those students who have sufficient aptitude for the subject matter.
C) can compensate for a student's lack of prerequisite knowledge and skills.
D) is appropriate for vaguely defined learning objectives.

A) can help foster all students' perseverance if rewards, length of learning units, and teaching methods are appropriate.

Crispus Attucks, thought to have been a runaway slave, was a patriotic American who died in the Boston Massacre in 1770. If you were to present a lesson about events that led to the American Revolution, asking your students to select a point of view of either white colonists or African Americans (such as Attucks) at the time and to study with this perspective in mind, this would be the __________ approach to multicultural education.

A) transformative
B) social action
C) additive
D) contributions

B) social action

Generally speaking, studies on the effectiveness of bilingual education have shown that

A) bilingual education is not as effective as immersion programs in terms of bringing non-English-speaking students up to the same level of competence as English-speaking students.
B) there appears to be little difference in test score gains between bilingual and immersion programs.
C) English and reading scores seem to benefit from bilingual programs, whereas math and science test scores appear to benefit more from immersion programs.
D) bilingual education appears to produce moderate gains in achievement in reading, language, and math skills tests.

D) bilingual education appears to produce moderate gains in achievement in reading, language, and math skills tests.

Multicultural education is especially challenging to teachers in culturally homogeneous schools. What technology tool is likely to aid teachers the most in adding diversity to their classroom?

A) videotaped documentaries on other cultures
B) computer simulations of life in other countries
C) foreign language films
D) international telecommunications projects

D) international telecommunications projects

The need for multicultural programs and an increased sensitivity toward the educational needs of students from different ethnic groups is apparent because

A) a higher divorce rate among various minority groups can be addressed with increased multicultural education.
B) African Americans, but not Latinos/Latinas or Asian Americans, have difficulty securing employment once they graduate from high school.
C) the gap in test scores among various minority groups decreases as the students move through the school system.
D) members of various minority groups have lower standardized test scores and dropout rates.

D) members of various minority groups have lower standardized test scores and dropout rates.

Within ethnically diverse groups of students, cooperative learning is likely to

A) foster an increased understanding of classmates from different ethnic groups.
B) result in a widening achievement gap among different ethnic groups of students.
C) foster resentment among members of different ethnic groups.
D) result in increased competition among members of different ethnic groups.

A) foster an increased understanding of classmates from different ethnic groups.

A critical control process that needs to take place during the sensory register stage of the information-processing model is known as

a. chunking.
b. selective attention.
c. recognition.
d. perception.

b. selective attention.

A student who is taking a course in educational psychology for the first time scans through the information-processing theory chapter and notes the word metacognition, which is unfamiliar. This student's selective focusing on the term metacognition is known as

a. retrieval.
b. discriminant encoding.
c. attention.
d. elaborative rehearsal.

c. attention

As you read this question, you will choose an answer that you decide is correct by relating the question to information already stored in your long-term memory. The mental process taking place as you do this can best be explained by which of the following concepts?

a. recognition
b. rehearsal
c. attention
d. chunking

a. recognition

Having a French storyteller come into your French class to tell a story will probably

a. detract from the lesson because students will be too distracted to learn.
b. enhance learning since unusual events often command a student's attention.
c. have no facilitating effect on students' learning French.
d. enhance learning if this is a typical instructional activity.

b. enhance learning since unusual events often command a student's attention.

Information already stored in long-term memory

a. influences what we attend to and find meaningful.
b. allows us to memorize automatically what is in the sensory register.
c. allows short-term memory to be bypassed in information processing.
d. creates pathways to the sensory register.

a. influences what we attend to and find meaningful

Information held in long-term memory has the effect of

a. creating pathways to the sensory register.
b. allowing short-term memory to be bypassed in information processing.
c. influencing what we selectively perceive and find meaningful.
d. allowing us to automatically memorize what is in the sensory register.

c. influencing what we selectively perceive and find meaningful.

Long-term memory (LTM) refers to information

a. that is permanently stored and available for possible retrieval.
b. that is no longer retrievable.
c. learned in the form of long lists.
d. learned decades ago rather than last week.

a. that is permanently stored and available for possible retrieval.

Ms. Jeffone, a middle school teacher, reminds her students to prepare well for the upcoming essay exam because it will cover a lot of material. In response, one of her students retorts, “Why bother! We'll forget all of the information over time, anyway.” On the basis of current evidence, an appropriate response to this student's assertion would be

a. “I agree. However, it will be easier to relearn this material later if you memorize it now.”
b. “I disagree. We can remember a lot of what we learn if we master the new information and take an active role in our own learning.”
c. “I disagree. Learning does not decay over time if you frequently review the material.”
d. “I agree. No matter how hard we try, we really do forget most of what we learn.”

b. “I disagree. We can remember a lot of what we learn if we master the new information and take an active role in our own learning.”

Repeating the punch line of a joke over and over to yourself while trying to find pencil and paper to write it down is an example of

a. rote rehearsal.
b. maintenance rehearsal.
c. chunking.
d. elaborative rehearsal.

b. maintenance rehearsal.

Research has shown that the attention span of school-age children

a. is related to their intelligence.
b. can be increased with practice at any age.
c. is inherently limited to short periods of time and small amounts of information.
d. can be increased up to the age of seven, but not thereafter.

b. can be increased with practice at any age.

Sonya, a student in an educational psychology course, is studying for an exam, and it is very late at night. She suddenly realizes that she has not comprehended the paragraph that she has just read. Which concept refers to the ability that allowed Sonya to recognize her failure to comprehend?

a. perceptual intervention
b. cognitive flexibility
c. metaphysical inference
d. metacognitive processing

d. metacognitive processing

The process of recognition is best described as one that involves

a. relating stimulus information to information stored in long-term memory.
b. storing information for a few seconds for possible processing.
c. focusing on that part of a stimulus array that is of most interest.
d. perception and attention.

a. relating stimulus information to information stored in long-term memory.

The serial position effect is most likely to operate for which of the following types of material?

a. a geometric proof
b. a biological concept
c. an algebraic formula
d. a list of spelling words

d. a list of spelling words

When, in order to explain some complicated geometric concepts, you ask your students to imagine a flagpole and its shadow, you are employing _______________ as a means of helping them understand the concept.

a. a concrete analogy
b. metacognition
c. mnemonics
d. maintenance rehearsal

a. a concrete analogy

Which of the following represents the proper sequence of cognitive processes that occur as we process information?

a. attention, recognition, transformation, storage, retrieval
b. perception, attention, recognition, transformation, retrieval
c. perception, attention, recognition, storage, retrieval
d. attention, transformation, recognition, storage, retrieval

a. attention, recognition, transformation, storage, retrieval

You call the post office for a ZIP code that you need, just after you looked up the phone number. Unfortunately, you dial the wrong number. You attempt to dial again, only to discover that you've forgotten the phone number. From an information-processing standpoint, how can this be explained?

a. Information in long-term memory was not properly stored.
b. Information in working memory began to disappear after twenty seconds or so.
c. Information in the sensory register was not sufficiently attended to.
d. Information in short-term memory was improperly encoded.

b. Information in working memory began to disappear after twenty seconds or so.

“Attaching” information to familiar, physical locations in order to better recall it is the essence of which type of mnemonic?

a. acrostic
b. pegword
c. method of loci
d. acronym

C. Method of loci

A social cognitive model of self-regulated skill learning proposed by Zimmerman contains four processes, three of which are observation, emulation, and self-control. Which of the following is the fourth process?

a. self-judgment
b. self-motivation
c. self-efficacy
d. self-regulation

d. self-regulation

Advantages of mnemonic devices stressed in the text include all but which of the following?

a. They provide retrieval cues.
b. They can be acquired by virtually all students.
c. They help organize what is to be learned.
d. They facilitate maintenance rehearsal.

d. They facilitate maintenance rehearsal

Because teachers expect students to become more independent as learners as they get older, students have to learn increasingly larger amounts of more complex material as they move through the grades, and students will have to be self-directed learners after they leave school in order to cope with the rapid pace of change, it is imperative that students acquire the skills of

a. self-control.
b. self-regulation.
c. self-awareness.
d. All of these answers.

b. self-regulation

Cameron has set a goal of getting all A's on his report card for this term and has worked out a strategy that he thinks will achieve this goal. Which part of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model do these behaviors reflect?

a. All of these answers.
b. forethought phase
c. self-reflection phase
d. performance phase

b. forethought phase

Casey received a score of 88 on yesterday's exam and was quite pleased with the result because it was higher than the 79 she received on the last exam. After thinking about it for a while, she concluded that her improved performance was due to a more systematic use of study skills. Casey's behavior reflects which part of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model?

a. self-reflection phase
b. performance phase
c. forethought phase
d. task analysis phase

a. self-reflection phase

If an English composition teacher came to you and asked for a suggestion to improve the quality of students' writing that was based on social cognitive research, what would you say?

a. Give students lots of opportunities to practice writing and then have them grade each other's papers.
b. Provide detailed lessons on the mechanics of writing followed by praise for correct use of mechanics.
c. The best way to improve one's writing is to practice writing.
d. Provide opportunities for students to observe peers who think aloud as they write.

d. provide opportunities for students to observe peers who think aloud as they write

If you memorized the colors of the visible light spectrum by remembering the name ROY G BIV, you would be using a/an _______________ mnemonic device.

a. pegword
b. acronym
c. keyword
d. acrostic

b. acronym

If you were trying to learn the names of the planets in order of distance from the sun by thinking of the sentence “Melinda's violet eyes make John stay up nights pondering,” you would be using aNo ______________ mnemonic device.

a. acronym
b. method of loci
c. acrostic
d. pegword

c. arostic

Mari Jo is concerned about next week's social studies test and asks her best friend, Lindsay, to show her how to use concept mapping on a chapter of their textbook. Since Mari Jo thinks she and Lindsay are very much alike, she feels confident that she can learn to use this technique to improve her reading comprehension. Mari Jo's increased self-efficacy lowers her anxiety about next week's social studies test and motivates her to use concept mapping for her other subjects. This scenario demonstrates which of the following models of learning?

a. triadic reciprocal causation
b. sociocultural causation
c. positive reinforcement
d. reciprocal determinism

a. triadic reciprocal causation

Note taking and reviewing notes are believed to improve learning because

a. comprehension and retention of noted material is improved.
b. they lead to better recognition and comprehension of new material.
c. students who take notes tend to study for longer spans of time.
d. they maximize the effects of maintenance rehearsal.

d. they maximize the effects of maintenance rehearsal

Roberto takes out his history book to read the assigned chapter for tomorrow's class. He ignores the music that is coming from his sister's room, thinks about how he will go about learning the material in the chapter, uses various note taking techniques, and records in his personal journal his level of satisfaction with the results. Roberto's behaviors reflect which part of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model?

a. performance phase
b. self-reflection phase
c. strategic planning phase
d. forethought phase

a. performance phase

Self-questioning is a highly recommended learning tactic because it leads to increased performance on tests of

a. All of these answers.
b. knowledge integration.
c. recall.
d. comprehension.

a. All of these answers

Social cognitive research suggests that the best way to raise students' self-efficacy for mathematical problem solving is to

a. have students observe you as you successfully solve mathematical problems.
b. have students observe peers who successfully solve mathematical problems.
c. provide students with detailed written instructions for solving mathematical problems.
d. have students observe adults as they successfully solve mathematical problems.

b. have students observe peers who successfully solve mathematical problems.

The four conditioning principles discussed in the last chapter are reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and discrimination. You remember them by imagining walking into your living room and seeing the following: an extra beam in the ceiling to reinforce it; on the countertop an ant that you extinguish; a general sitting at your living room table eating lunch; and playing in the family room, a pair of twins between whom you must learn to discriminate. You are using a _______________ to learn these conditioning principles.

a. acrostic
b. acronym
c. method of loci
d. pegword

c. method of loci

When we say that a student is a mindful learner, we mean that the student

a. always follows the teacher's directions to the letter.
b. is so wrapped up in his or her own thinking that much of what the teacher says is missed.
c. pays close attention to what the teacher says and takes verbatim notes.
d. alters his or her approach to learning as circumstances change.

d. alters his or her approach to learning as circumstances change.

Which of the following behaviors is indicative of a student in the forethought phase of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model?

a. focusing one's attention on the task
b. thinking about the adequacy of one's performance
c. creating a strategy to achieve a goal
d. monitoring one's performance

c. creating a strategy to achieve a goal

Which of the following factors has not been shown to influence one's feelings about whether one can successfully complete a given task?

a. socioeconomic level
b. observation of models
c. verbal persuasion
d. emotional reactions

a. socioeconomic level

Which of the following is not a reason why mnemonic devices are effective?


a. Organization and structure are provided.
b. Material is maintained in working memory.
c. The learner has to be an active participant.
d. Retrieval cues are paired with the material.

b. Material is maintained in working memory.