Chemistry AQA GCSE Paper 1

mass number

protons and neutrons

atomic number

protons or electrons

an isotope has a different number of

neutrons

who discovered different energy levels

niels bohr

who discovered the nucleus

ernest rutherford

who discovered the plum pudding model

thompson

who discovered the periodic table

mendeleev

group 0 name

noble gases

group 0 properties

very unreactive

what happens to the boiling point going down group 0

increases

group 1 name

alkali metals

group 1 properties

react aggressively with water

what happens to reactivity going down group 1

increases

what happens to boiling point going down group 1

increases

group 7 name

halogens

properties of halogens

exist as pairs

what happens to reactivity going down group 7

decreases

what happens to boiling point going down group 7

increases

covalent bonding

between 2 non metals

electrons in covalent bonding are

shared

molecules are held together by

weak intermolecular forces

can graphite carry current

yes

structure of graphite

hexagonal rings

can graphene carry current

yes

what is graphene used in

electronics

buckminsterfullerene uses

delivering drugs

ionic bonding is between

a metal and a non metal

in ionic bonding the electrons are

transferred

ionic bonds have a

high melting point

do ionic bonds conduct electricity

no

when can ionic bonds conduct electricity

when dissolved in water

do giant ionic lattices conduct electricity

no

metallic bonding is between

2 metals

filtration uses

filter paper

crystallisation uses

evaporating substances

distillation uses

evaporating substances and condensing them

fractional distillation uses

different boiling points to separate liquids

transition metals properties

high melting point, strong and hard

units of measurement

nm, um, mm, m, km

nanoparticles are used for

suncream, drug delivery, nanowires

percentage yield =

actual yield / theoretical yield x 100

1dm cubed =

1000cm cubed

atom economy =

rfm of desired products / rfm of all reactants x 100

how to get from g/dm cubed to mol/dm cubed

divide by mr

mass =

formula mass x moles

concentration =

mol/vol

volume of gas =

mol x 24

reactivity series

potassium sodium calcium magnesium aluminium carbon zinc iron tin lead hydrogen copper silver gold platinum

oxidation is

loss of electrons

reduction is

gain of electrons

spectator ions are

unchanged in a reaction

diatomic elements

hydrogen nitrogen oxygen fluorine bromine iodine chlorine

acids form ___ when dissolved in water

H plus ions

alkalis form ___ when dissolved in water

OH minus ions

strong acids ___ in water

fully ionise

weak acids ___ in water

partially ionise

acid + alkali =

salt + water

acid + metal =

salt + hydrogen

acid + metal oxide =

salt + water

acid + metal carbonate =

salt + water + carbon dioxide

bases …

neutralise acids to form water in neutralisation reactions

anode is

positive

cathode is

negative

anions are

negative

cations are

positive

the electrolyte is

the substance conducting electricity

aqueous electrolysis at the anode

halogen forms if present, oxygen forms if not

aqueous electrolysis at the cathode

metal forms if less reactive than hydrogen

what is cryolite

lowers melting point

problem with graphite anodes

wear out quickly

breaking bonds

endothermic

making bonds

exothermic

what reaction happens in a chemical cell

metal displacement

formula for ammonium

NH4 +

formula for nitrate

NO3 -

formula for sulfate

SO4 2-

formula for carbonate

CO3 2-

phenolphthalein colour in acid

colourless

phenolphthalein colour in alkali

pink

methyl orange colour in acid

red

methyl orange colour in alkali

yellow