Unit 6 - Development & Learning Pillar - AP Psychology

What are Twin-Studies?

Study of either identical or fraternal twins to explore differences and similarties in development

What are Adoption Studies?

Studies of adopted children and their families to determine what traits are determined by nature vs. nurture.

What is Expectancy Bias?

A bias of researchers to only focus on similarities, therefore overlooking the differences

What is Discontinuity/Stage-view?

Belief that development is abrupt and comes in stages in a certain order, however not always at the same rate.

What are Cross-Sectional Studies?

Research of different people from different stages of life in time to see differences in development over time

What is a longitudinal study?

Studying 1 person or peoples over # of years. (Birth→death)

Who is Konrad Lorenz?

Discovered animals attach to the first thing they see (Ducks)

What is Piaget’s Theory?

Idea that there is an important change in thought at each stage of development (Schemas, Assimilation, & Accommodationon)

What is the sensorimotor stage?

Stage of development from birth-2yo where the child learns through their senses and movement without any complex thinking.

What are Teratogens?

Harmful substances to the fetus whilst in utero (Alcohol, drugs)

What is Rooting?

Touching the side of an infant’s mouth results in them turning towards the stimulus and suckling

What is a Visual-Cliff test?

Testing an infant’s perception of depth

What is a Critical-period?

A stage of development where a behavior is most efficiently learned in an organism

What is adolescence?

Stage between childhood and adulthood (10-19yo)

What are Primary Sex Characteristics?

Gender specific traits necessary for reproduction

What are Secondary Sex Characteristics?

Gender specific traits unrelated to reproduction (Body hair, voice changes, etc)

What is the preoperational stage?

Cannot problem solve w/ logical thought (2-6/7yo), but marked by well developed mental representation and use of language. Includes egocentrism & reversibility.

What is the Concrete Operational Stage?

Stage where reversibility, conservation, and mental operations are developed. (7-11yo)

What is conservation?

Understanding that properties do not change when appearances change

What is the Formal Operational Stage?

Development of abstract thinking and Hypotheticals. (4 unique properties - Hypothetical thinking, analogical thinking, deductive thinking, and reflective.)

What is The Theory of Mind?

Child’s understanding that others have emotions and experiences independent of one’s own. Also understands the difference of being serious vs. joking.

Who is Lev Vygotsky?

Believed development links to social interactions with others.

What is Scaffolding?

Breaking information into smaller, more managable chunks.

What is the zone of proximal development?

What a leaner can do w/ help vs. what they can do w/o help

What is a phoneme?

Smallest distinctive sound unit, the sound of individual letters (ah, oo)

How many phonemes are in “words”?

5 Phonemes

What are morphemes?

Smallest sound unit that carries meaning, words, suffix/prefix

How many morphemes in “words”?

2 Morphemes - word & words

What is cooing?

First stage of vowel-like sounds, developing muscles to say words - “ah”, “ooh”

What is babbling?

3-4 months, noises that represent sounds heard in language. Mimics words - “baba”

What is One-word Stage?

1-2yo, single word speech - “ball”

What is Telegraphic speech?

1-2yo, mix of nouns and verbs - “want ball”

What is achievement of identity?

Active exploration and determination of YOUR identity and beliefs

What is the diffusion of identity?

Being “undecided” about who YOU are, lack of exploration

What is foreclosure of identity?

Accepting the belief and values of somebody else as being your own

What is moratorium of identity?

Active exploration of beliefs and options with no real commitment

Who is Harry Harlow?

Argued that kids need comfort/love besides basic survival needs such as food. Believed loving relationships affect growth

Who is Erikson?

Studied psychosocial development, stages. Each stage begins with a conflict that needs to be resolved.

Conflict during stage of Infancy?

Trust vs. mistrust

Conflict during stage of Toddler?

Autonomy vs. shame & doubt

Conflict during stage of Preschool?

Initiative vs. guilt

Conflict during stage of Elementary?

Competence vs. Inferiority

What is a social clock?

Cultural expectations for when life events should occur (Marriage, childbirth)

What are Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)?

Stressful or traumatic events occurring during childhood. (i.e. abuse, poverty)

What is the adolescence stage of psychosocial development?

Identity vs. role

What is the young adult stage of psychosocial development?

Intimacy vs. isolation

What is the middle adult stage of psychosocial development?

Generativity vs. stagnation

What is the late adult stage of psychosocial development?

Integrity vs. despair

What is the authoritative style of parenting?

Attentive and caring style, but also enforces rules and consequences whilst explaining why.

What is the authoritarian style of parenting?

Cold and rejecting style, doesn’t listen to a child’s input and refuses explanations - “Because I said so.”

What is the permissive style of parenting?

Kind and warm style, spoils the child with no demands or rules, leads to children making decisions before they’re ready, they’re in charge

What is the ecological systems theory?

Idea that a person’s development is influenced by environmental factors

What is a microsystem? (ecological systems theory)

Immediate, daily interactions (family, school)

What is a mesosystem? (ecological systems theory)

Interactions between components of microsystem (school & parents)

What is an exosystem? (ecological systems theory)

External environments w/ indirect influences (neighborhood, parent’s workplace)

What is a macrosystem? (ecological systems theory)

Broad cultural, societal, and institutional contexts (Different cultures either allowing or not allowing women education)

What is a chronosystem? (ecological systems theory)

Events of the present time of life and near future