CHS Politics Chapter 21 Test

What did Plessy v. Ferguson establish?

The "separate but equal" doctrine that legalized segregation.

What did Brown v. Board of Education rule?

Segregated public schools are unconstitutional; overturned Plessy.

Who led the legal team in Brown v. Board?

Thurgood Marshall (NAACP)—later the first African American justice.

What was the Doll Test?

A psychological experiment showing the harm of segregation; used in Brown.

What did Dred Scott v. Sandford rule?

African Americans could not be U.S. citizens; Congress couldn't ban slavery.

What was ruled in Gaines v. Canada?

States providing education for whites must offer equal programs for Blacks → weakened Plessy.

What did McLaurin and Sweatt v. Painter find?

Black students must receive truly equal graduate education, not separate inferior programs.

What case used busing to enforce school desegregation?

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg.

What did Loving v. Virginia strike down?

Laws banning interracial marriage.

What did Bradwell v. Illinois rule?

States could ban women from certain professions (1873).

What did U.S. v. Virginia (1996) decide?

VMI (Virginia Military Institute) must admit women.

What did the Ricci v. DeStefano case involve?

Firefighters challenged discarded exam results; Court sided with white firefighters.

What did Bakke rule?

Racial quotas = unconstitutional; race can be one factor.

What did Gratz v. Bollinger decide?

Michigan's point system (automatic points for race) = unconstitutional.

What did Grutter v. Bollinger decide?

Holistic consideration of race is allowed.

What case ended race-based affirmative action (2023)?

SFFA v. Harvard & UNC.

What review standard did Adarand establish for affirmative action?

Strict scrutiny.

Major Civil Rights Acts (3) from 1957-1968?

1957

1964

1968 (fair housing)

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ban?

Discrimination in employment, public accommodations, schools.

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1968 address?

Housing discrimination.

What does Title IX (1972) do?

Bans gender discrimination in education receiving federal funds.

What is affirmative action?

Policies requiring positive steps to remedy past discrimination.

Who issued the first affirmative action executive order?

President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965.

What is de jure segregation?

Segregation enforced by law.

What is de facto segregation?

Segregation caused by housing patterns and social conditions.

What tool was mainly used to end de jure segregation after 1970?

Forced busing.

What clause guarantees legal equality?

The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.

What is the rational basis test?

The government needs a reasonable justification—most laws pass.

What is strict scrutiny?

Govt must prove a compelling interest; used for race & fundamental rights.

What is jus soli?

Citizenship by birthplace.

What is jus sanguinis?

Citizenship by parents.

What case confirmed jus soli for children of Chinese immigrants?

Wong Kim Ark.

What is naturalization?

Legal process for foreigners to become U.S. citizens.

What is deportation?

Legal removal of an alien from the U.S.

Why did the U.S. create immigration quotas in the 1920s?

Fear of new immigrants from Southern & Eastern Europe.

What law ended national-origin quotas?

The Immigration Act of 1965.

How many legal immigrants does the U.S. allow yearly under current rules?

About 675,000 per year.

Which federal departments handle naturalization checks?

Homeland Security & Justice.

When was Pearl Harbor?

December 7, 1941.

What was the effect of the Pearl Harbor attack?

U.S. entered World War II.

What is SFFA?

Students for Fair Admissions; group that sued Harvard & UNC over race in admissions.