Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections - Study Guide

Describe technological diffusions that occurred in the 1450-1750 time period. Name the technology, its origins, and where it diffused.

Some of these technologies diffused where the lateen sail, compass, and astronomical charts. Lateen Sails originated from Arabian Sailors and diffused to Europeans and Compass originated in China and diffused to Europe

Describe new technologies of the 1450 - 1750 time period and specific examples of how they facilitated patterns of trade and travel from 1450 to 1750.

Cartography had improved during this time, and with better maps meant better navigation of land and sea. Additionally, many innovative ship designs were made, such as the Caravel, Carrack, and Fluyt, all making navigating the Indian Ocean easier than years before. Additionally, the usage of telescope aided in more accurate astronomical charts then ones prior

What is a lateen sail and why was it significant in the 1450-1750 time period?

A lateen sail was a ship sail that sported the shape of a three-sided triangle. What made it so significant was that unlike the square sail, It could catch wind from two directions instead of one, which allowed many sailors at the time to successfully travel into large bodies of water, including oceans, expanding trade routes

What is a caravel and why was it significant in the 1450 to 1750 time period?

A Caravel was a type of ship that was typically 75 feet long, with two to three lateen sails. It's significance came from its ability to complete long voyages faster than any other ship, who the Portuguese and Spanish used more than anyone else.

What specific states supported maritime exploration in this time period?

Give specific examples of states and what they did to support exploration. Some states that supported exploration where European states, The Portuguese, and the Spanish. The Europeans cared about finding gold, silver, and spreading religion, and the Portuguese cared about controlling the trade routes and spreading through imperialism

What were the economic factors that drove maritime exploration by Europeans?

Some of these factors were rivaling states wanting to take claim over something before the other could, new income sources through trading post being set up or tributes from dominated lands, and hopes of finding gold and silver.

What were some of the economic outcomes of European maritime exploration (positive and negative).

Some consequences were the setting up of trading post, companies so investors could invest, the spreading of diseases to the indigenous people, inflation due to the amount of gold and silver being found, overall the Europeans prospering whole the natives suffered.

Describe the difference between the trading-post empire established by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the colonies they established in the New World.

The trading post empire established by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean was based on small outposts, rather than on control over large territories like the colonies they established in the new world

Describe the Columbian Exchange.

The Columbian exchange can be described as the Eastern and Western Hemisphere becoming linked like never before and sharing/spreading disease, food, technology, culture, and animals

What factors caused the Columbian Exchange?

Some factors that cause the Columbian Exchange were the Eastern and Western hemispheres becoming connected like never before. What allowed even that to happen were new technologies such as the compass, lateen sails, and advancements in cartography. As Spanish soldiers brought Small Pox to the Europeans, a new wave of disease was spread throughout the new land. Europeans brought over animals like pigs and cows for meat such as pork and beef. It soon became a staple of the American diet. Africans brought okra and rice to start growing it in America. Sugar was also brought over from the Spanish where when it was brought over it, made huge profits from it.

Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Western Hemisphere (New World). Include both positive and negative outcomes.

Some impacts of the Columbian exchange were the culture of indigenous people permanently changing thanks to the introduction of horses, many Indigenous people dying of disease brought over from the Europe's, and many indigenous people being conquered or killed by the colonization of Europeans

Describe the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Eastern Hemisphere (Old World). Include both positive and negative outcomes.

Many Europeans were drawn to the potential riches of the new world, Europe was able to rake in much more money thanks to these trading outpost and tributes being established, much gold and silver was found making Europe richer, however Europe's economy experienced an inflation due to all of this new gold and silver being found.

Describe European trading posts in Africa

These trading post set up in Africa were profitable for merchants and rulers alike. These could be found throughout the parts of Africa the Europeans colonized.

Describe the isolationist policies of China and Japan. Why did they enact these policies? What were the long-term outcomes?

These policies essentially restricted outside states for the most part from trading and interacting with them. These policies may have been enacted to preserve religion. The long term outcomes were these states going years in solitude.

Describe European maritime empires: Portuguese

the Portuguese transformed and influenced the maritime trade system in the Indian Ocean by force. They took over trading cities, destroyed Muslim trade ships, and imposed taxes to get their way

increased travels to the Atlantic coast of Africa (rich in gold, salt, food, slaves, etc)

sold African locals turned slaves into the slave market

had ships called caravels that patrolled ports and collected large fees

interacted with Southeast Asia (Muslim merchants used straits of Malacca and it became a rich trading center)

Describe European maritime empires: Spanish

people who were ruled by the Aztec Empire didn't like the concept of human sacrifice, so it made it easier for Spanish conquistadors to find allies and overthrow the Aztecs which kickstarted a colonial empire in the new world

conquered the Incas and Aztecs due to disease, and established two administrative divisions (Vice Royalty of New Spain and the Vice Royalty of Peru)

Spanish aristocrats ran large agricultural operations

Spanish used mit'a (road and network system from the Incas) to mine a mountain full of silver in Potosi

African slaves were used in Mexico, but in South America, indigenous labor was cheaper to use

influx of silver made Spain one of the wealthiest countries, but it suffered from massive inflation too

Describe European maritime empires: Dutch

the Dutch were busy defending their borders and carefully building their trade empire. Sturdy Dutch merchant ships carried most of Europe's trade, even trading with their enemy, the Spanish, if the potential profit outweighed their risks (and, ironically, helping deplete Spain's treasury, which helped contribute to Spain's downfall). As Dutch merchants and shipbuilders grew more confident in their respective crafts, Dutch ships began to sail further afield, and the Dutch saw economic advantage in establishing their own colonies, rather than simply carrying goods for others.

After abandoning their North American colonies (in what is now New York), the Dutch established outposts in the Caribbean, South America (what is now Suriname), South Africa, and what is now Indonesia. Holland also established a trading center in Japan, one of only a few European nations to do so. Between 1598 and 1605, 150 Dutch ships sailed to the Caribbean each year. Another 25 ships carried goods to and from Africa, 20 left for Brazil, and 10 plied trade routes to the East Indies. Some of these ships served Dutch colonies, some the colonies of other nations. All added to Dutch wealth and power.

The Dutch East India company was a joint stock company (company with multiple investors investing in it equally and holding more shares so that the company is stable and able to be more economically successful) that monopolized the spice trade. They took hold of spice-producing colonies in the Indian Ocean and exploited the locals and made them grow crops for cash (cash crops).

Describe European maritime empires: French

France began to settle in the Americas

acquired lands in the Americas through trade and colonization (colonial holdings in present-day Canada and a huge chunk of the United States)

the first French East India Company was founded in 1664 by a French monarchy eager to catch up with England and the Netherlands

France gradually established a network of colonial holdings that included the island colonies of the Mascarenes in the southwestern Indian Ocean (Réunion and Mauritius) as well as a network of trading posts along the shores of the Indian subcontinent.

Describe European maritime empires: British

British drove the French and Portuguese out of India and established trading posts there that had an influence on India, which were run by the British East India Company

The British used the division between Muslims and Hindus in the Mughal Empire to their advantage and play them against each other to consolidate power for themselves.

Maritime expansion, driven by commercial ambitions and by competition with France, accelerated in the 17th century and resulted in the establishment of settlements in North America and the West Indies. By 1670 there were British American colonies in New England, Virginia, and Maryland and settlements in the Bermudas, Honduras, Antigua, Barbados, and Nova Scotia. Jamaica was obtained by conquest in 1655, and the Hudson's Bay Company established itself in what became northwestern Canada from the 1670s on. The East India Company began establishing trading posts in India in 1600, and the Straits Settlements (Penang, Singapore, Malacca, and Labuan) became British through an extension of that company's activities.

the crown exercised control over its colonies chiefly in the areas of trade and shipping. In accordance with the mercantilist philosophy of the time (more exports, less imports), the colonies were regarded as a source of necessary raw materials for England and were granted monopolies for their products, such as tobacco and sugar, in the British market.

the loss of the American colonies after the American Revolution signified the decline of the British Empire

How did the Asante benefit from participation in trading networks in this time period?

The Asante benefited from their participation in trade network, they were able to increase their influence substantially

.What continuities in economic and labor systems existed in the 1450 to 1750 time period?

1750 time period? Slavery, household and field slavery, was extremely popular at the time, consisting mostly of African Americans as the slaves. Additionally servitude and encomienda systems grew extremely popular at the time

What changes in economic and labor systems existed in the 1450 to 1750 time period?

Slavery, household and field slavery, was extremely popular at the time, consisting mostly of African Americans as the slaves. Additionally servitude and encomienda systems grew extremely popular at the time (This is the same question, must have been copied and pasted).

Describe colonial economies in this time period.

Many asian and african states continued to gain wealth through trade in the indian ocean, but others adopted policies of isolation.

Colonial economies (especially the British Empire) utilized mercantilism in the Indian Ocean to maximize exports and profits

Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade.

Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit'a (for silver mining), and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery (one person has total ownership of another), indentured servitude (a form of labor in which a person is contracted to work without salary for a specific number of years), and encomienda and hacienda systems (developed by an exchange among the natives for work in return for protection and education).

What is the mit'a system and how was it exploited by the Spanish empire?

The Mit'a system was a coercive labor system used by the Spanish after conquering the Inca Empire

What factors drove the demand for chattel slavery?

Some factors that drove the demand for chattel slavery were the increased demand of both gold and silver, which was also thanks to the whole Columbus exchange going on at the time.

Describe indentured servitude. Who were typically indentured servants in this time period and how would that change in the 1750-1900 time period?

Indentured service can be described as a mutual agreement in which a person would contract themselves to become a servant for a period of time, and in exchange be given passage somewhere

What is the encomienda?

The encomienda was a practice in which a Spanish high ranking official or soldier was granted a specific number of native Americans who would pay him in gold or labor in exchange for protection against neighboring tribes.

What is a hacienda?

Hacienda can be best described as a practice in which land owners would use coerced labor and laborer's to tend to their crops/ fields for them.

What were the impacts the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West Africa, and the Americas?

The slave trade weakened West Africa and dropped the population, however the Columbus exchange made it go back up. In the Americas, the slave trade made economy grow by the intense silver mining that African Americans were forced to do.

How was the use of slavery in this time period different from slavery in previous periods of history?

The growth of the plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas, leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural changes.

Describe mercantilism.

Mercantilism was an economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies.

How did joint-stock companies allow European states to consolidate and maintain power in their colonies?

Joint-stock companies allowed for the consolidation and maintain through allowing investors to invest in companies such as the East Indian Company in hopes of making profit.

Describe the Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire.

The Moroccan invasion was to seize control of and revive the transSaharan trade in salt and gold. The empire fell to the Moroccans and their firearms in 1591.

Explain the first global economy embodied by the trade in silver.

This global economy saw silver as a currency and very important. Silver was used as a mean to buy, sell, trade, and barter. Additionally, inflation did happen due to the Columbus Exchange and the mass about of gold and silver

Explain the role that chartered European monopoly companies (such as the British East India Company) in facilitating the global circulation of goods.

-The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets, but regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants.

-European merchants' role in Asian trade was characterized mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region

-Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas.

-Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their domestic and colonial economies and by European merchants to compete against one another in global trade.

-The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and free and enslaved laborers, and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples.

Describe the casta system that was a result of the Atlantic trading system.

The casta system was the placement of mix-race people. On top were mestizos, next were mulanttoes, and last were zambos.

Describe cultural syncretism that occurred as a result of the Atlantic trading system.

Santeria - West African faith + Roman Catholicism

Vodun - West African spiritualism brought to Caribbean

Candomble - "dance to honor the gods", Bantu + Brazil

Virgin of Guadalupe - Indigenous + Catholic

Give examples of how state expansion and centralization led to resistance from groups on a local level

-State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level.

-Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas.

-After the British and Dutch pushed the Portuguese out of India, they turned their attention to expanding their role in the African slave trade. In order to resist the Portuguese, Queen Nzinga of Ndongo (present-day Angola) initially made an alliance with them in order to protect the imports of guns for her people

-In the Americas, Indigenous groups rebelled against European conquest. In present-day New Mexico, the entire Pueblo community rebelled against the Spanish for 10 days in 1680 (unsuccessful in the end, so the Pueblos ended up migrating away).

-Metacom's rebellion against King Phillip in 1675 (colonists ended up defeating the natives)

How did the Ottoman and Mughal Empires attempt to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their empires?

The Ottoman and Mughal empire attempted to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity by adopting practices such as the civil service exam. They also allowed these people of different ethnicities and religions to serve in military and government.

Give an example of a society that gave differential treatment to a group or groups within their empire.

An example of a society that gave different treatment to a group/groups could be Spain, Portugal, and The Ottoman Empire. Jewish people were banned from Spain and Portugal so the Ottoman empire took them in, however, they still were not seen as equal within the Ottoman Empire.

Explain how economic developments from 1450 to 1750 affected social structures over time.

The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world. ○ Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation. ○ The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. ● Although the world's productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes. ○ The demand for labor intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed and intensified ● Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated. ○ Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.