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What are the 4 primary tissue types?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
What are the 4 characteristics of epithelial tissue?
cellular, polar, avascular, regenerative
What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?
protection, absorption, secretion, sensation
Where would you find epithelial tissue in the body?
Covering all internal and external surfaces, openings, and passageways
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
Single layer of flat cells
Location: alveoli of the lungs, kidney glomeruli, and endothelial linings of blood vessels
Function: provide a short path for rapid diffusion
Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
Single layer of cube cells
Location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
Function: provide a relatively short path for passive transport, but increased cellular machinery allows for active absorption and secretion
Simple columnar epithelial tissue (non-ciliated)
Single layer of tall cells that have microvilli
Location: lining digestive tract
Function: Absorption and secretion (secretes mucins)
Simple columnar epithelial tissue (ciliated)
Single layer of tall cells that have cilia
Location: bronchi, uterus, and uterine tubes
Function: allows movement of material parallel to the surface of the cell, absorption, and secretion (secretes mucins)
Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue
Single layer of tall cells that have differing heights making it appear stratified but with indistinct layers
Location: (ciliated) trachea, (non-ciliated) male sperm carrying ducts, ducts of large glands
Function: secretion and propulsion of mucus
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Multiple layers of flat cells
Location: Epidermis of the skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina
Function: Protection
Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue
Two layers of cuboidal cells
Location: largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands and salivary glands
Function: Protection
Stratified columnar epithelial tissue
several layers of tall cells
Location: Male urethra and large ducts of some glands
Function: Protection and secretion
Transitional epithelial tissue
Changes from stratified cuboidal to stratified squamous
Location: Urinary bladders and ureters
Function: permits stretch
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
1. Composed of specialized cells within a non-living matrix
2. Matrix is a combination of ground substance and protein fibers
3. Ground substance is a mixture of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans.
4. Protein fibers include collagen, elastin, and reticulin
What is the main function of connective tissue?
structural framework, protection, support, energy storage, immunity
What is loose connective tissue?
protein fibers are loosely arranged
Areolar connective tissue (fascia)
Cell type: fibroblasts
Fiber type: Collagen, elastin, and reticulin
Function: wraps and protects organs. Forms the lamina propria of mucous membranes.
Location: around most organs
Adipose connective tissue (fat)
Cell type: adipocytes
Fiber type: Collagen, elastin, and reticulin
Function: Serves as an energy reserve, cushion, and insulation.
Location: Found in the hypodermis, and within the abdomen and breasts.
Reticular connective tissue
Cell type: lymphocytes
Fiber type: reticulin
Function: structural support
Location: Found supporting the soft structure of thelymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen
What is dense connective tissue?
protein fibers are arranged in dense bundles
Dense regular connective tissue
Cell type: fibroblasts
Fiber type: collagen arranged in a parallel manner
Function: Serves to attach muscles to bone (tendons) or bone to bone (ligaments) and has great strength
Location: Tendons and Ligaments
Dense irregular connective tissue
Cell type: fibroblasts
Fiber type: collagen arranged irregularly
Function: Provides strength and elasticity
Location: Dermis of the skin, submucosa of the digestive tract
What is cartilage?
Chondrocytes housed in small openings (lacunae) within a rubbery matrix of polysaccharide (chondroitin sulfate) and proteoglycans. They are completely avascular
Hyaline cartilage
Cell type: chondrocytes
Function: cushioning, support, reinforcement
Location: found on theends of long bones, ribs, trache
Matrix: relatively uniform
Elastic cartilage
Cell type: chondrocytes
Function: cushioning, support, reinforcement but contains more elastin fibers making it elastic
Location: found in external ear and epiglottis
Matrix: Matrix contains many branched elastin fibers
Fibrous cartilage
Cell type: chondrocytes
Function: more collagen fibers for high tensile strength and shock absorption
Location: found in intervertebral disks and knee joint
Matrix: contains many parallel collagen fibers
What is bone?
Osteocytes housed in small openings (lacunae) within a matrix containing calcium and phosphorus salts and regularly arranged collagen fibers. They are also well vascularized.
Osseous connective tissue
Cell type: Osteocytes
Function: Support and protection of internal organs
Location: Found in bones in both compact and spongy form
What is blood?
Red and white blood cells found within a fluid matrixcontaining primarily albumin protein. Found within the cardiovascular vessels
What is lymph?
Lymphocytes found within a fluid matrix containing small amounts of dissolved protein. Found within the lymphatic vessels
What are the characteristics of muscle?
Relatively long, slender cells containing contractile protein actin and myosin
Muscle is both excitable and contractile.
What is the primary function of muscle?
Movement of both skeletal elements and of material within hollow organs
Skeletal muscle
long, multinucleate cells w/ obvious striations
Location: all skeletal muscles
Function: provide voluntary movement
Smooth muscle
spindle shaped w/ single, central nucleus
Location: walls of all body organs, blood vessels, etc
Function: propel substances along internal passageways; involuntary
Cardiac muscle
Appears striated. However, cells are branched anduninucleate
Location: the heart
Function: pump the heart
What is the main functional cell for nervous tissue?
A neuron
What is the support cell for nervous tissue?
Neuroglia
Where can one fine nervous tissue in the body?
brain, spinal cord
what is embryonic connective tissue called?
mesenchyme
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