Instrumental Methods in Chemical Analysis

Emission of radiation

Emission spectroscopy (X-ray, UV, visible, electron, Auger)

Absorption of radiation

Spectrophotometry (X-ray, UV, visible, IR)

Scattering of radiation

Turbidimetry; nephelometry; Raman spectroscopy

Refraction of radiation

Refractometry; interferometry

Diffraction of radiation

X-ray and electron diffraction methods

Rotation of radiation

Polarimetry; optical rotary dispersion; circular dichroism

Electrical potential

Potentiometry; chronopotentiometry

Electrical charge

Coulometry

Electrical current

Amperometry; polarography

Electrical resistance

Conductometry

Mass

Gravimetry (quartz crystal microbalance)

Mass-to-charge ratio

Mass spectrometry

Rate of reaction

Kinetic methods

Thermal characteristics

Thermal gravimetry and titrimetry; Differential scanning calorimetry; Differential thermal analyses; thermal conductometric methods

Radioactivity

Activation and isotope dilution methods