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biochemical abnormality
Disturbance in brain’s chemical systems or in the brain’s neurotransmitters; biochemical explanations of schizophrenia have focused on excessive amounts of dopamine and glutamate
dopamine
neurotransmitter involved with emotions and muscle movement; works in the limbic system; may be related to schizophrenia
computed tomography (CT) scan
computer enhanced x-ray of brain or body; CT scans show schizophrenic brains as having wider surface fissures
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan
computer enhanced three-dimensional image of brain or body; based on magnetic field; MRIs show schizophrenic brains as having enlarged
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
computer-generated color image of brain activity; radioactive sugar solution is injected into the brain: activity is abnormally low in frontal lobes of schizophrenics
organic psychosis
psychosis caused by brain injury or disease
dementia
most common organic psychosis; serious mental impairment in old age accused by brain deterioration; known as at times senility
alzheimer’s disease
most common cause of dementia; symptoms include impaired memory, confusion, and progressive loss of mental abilities; Ronald Reagan is one of the most famous Alzheimer’s victims
erotomanic type
in this disorder, people have erotic delusions that they are loved by another person, especially by someone famous or of higher status; some celebrity stalkers suffer from erotomania
grandiose type
in this case people suffer from the delusion that they have some great, unrecognizable talent, knowledge, or insight; they may also believe that they have a special relationship with an important person or with God or that they are a famous person (if the famous person is alive, the deluded person regards her or him as an imposter)
persecutory type
delusions of persecution involve belief that you are being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisoned, maligned, or harassed
somatic type
people suffering from somatic delusions typically believe that their bodies are diseased or rotting, or infested, with insects or parasites, or that parts of their bodies are defective
stress disorder
occurs when streses outside range of normal human experience cause major emotional disturbance. Symptoms include reliving traumatic event repeatedly, avoiding reminders of the event, and numbing of emotions
acute stress disorder
psychological disturbance lasting up to one month following stresses from a traumatic event
acute stress
symptoms last less than 1 month
dissociative amnesia
inability to recall one’s name, address, or past; memory loss is partial or complete for personal information
dissociative fugue
sudden travel away from home and confusion about personal identity
hypochondriasis
person is preoccupied with fears of having a serious illness or disease; interpret normal sensations and bodily signs as proof that they have a terrible disease; no physical disorder can be found
somatization disorder
person expresses anxieties through numerous physical complaints; many doctors are consulted, but no organic or physical cause can be found
pain disorder
pain that has no identifiable organic, physical cause, but appears to have psychological origin
conversion disorder
severe emotional conflicts are “converted” into physical symptoms or a physical disability; caused by anxiety or emotional distress but not by physical causes
glove anesthesia
loss of sensitivity in areas of skin normal covered by a glove
munchausen syndrome
an affected person fakes the medical problems of themselves in order to gain attention; also called factitious disorder
munchausen by proxy disorder
an affected person fakes the medical problems of someone in his or her care in order to gain attention; also called factitious disorder
exaggerating existing symptoms
even when an actual medical or psychological condition exists, they may exaggerate symptoms to appear sicker or more impaired that is true
making up histories
they may give loved ones, health care professionals, or support groups a false medical history, such as claiming to have had cancer or AIDS or they may falsify medical records to indicate an illness
faking symptoms
they may fake symptoms, such as stomach pain, seizures or passing out
causing self-harm
they may make themselves sick, for example, by injecting themselves with bacteria, milk, gasoline, or feces; they may injure, cut or burn themselves; they may take medication, such as blood thinners or drugs for diabetes, to mimic diseases; they may also interfere with wound healing such as reopening of infecting or infecting cuts
tampering
they may manipulate medical instrument to skew results, such as heating up thermometers, tamper with lab tests, such as contaminating their urine samples with blood or other substances
avoidance learning
when making a particular response delays or prevents the onset of a painful or unpleasant stimulus
anxiety reduction hypothesis
when reward of immediate relief from anxiety perpetuates self-defeating avoidance behaviors
cognitive
when distorted thinking causes people to magnify ordinary threats and failures. leading to anxiety and distress
ASPP definition
a person who lacks a conscience (superego); typically, emotional shallow, impulsive, selfish, and manipulative toward others; often called psychopaths or sociopaths
antisocial personality disorder
difficult to treat, but there is NOT a decline in antisocial behavior a year or two after adolescence; create a good first impression and are often charming; they may cheat their way through life; they are blind to signs of disgust in other people; possibly caused by neglect, physical abuse, and under arousal of the brain; very difficult to effectively treat; will lie, charm, and manipulate their way through therapy
mass murder
four or more murders occurring during a particular event with no “cooling-off” period between the murders; this murder typically occurs in a single location in which a number of victims are killed by an individual or more; these murderers have a clear agenda; higher the death toll means the better the job was done; typically ends with death of perpetrator either by suicide or killed by law enforcement
cooling-off period
a time-out from murder for a serial killer; during this time, a serial killer disappears from the public eye and resumes his/her seemingly normal routine and life; serial predators reemerge from a cooling-off period to strike again when the urge to kill becomes overwhelming to them; a serial killer may not even understand his/her compulsion to kill but knows that it is both undeniable to uncontrollable when the urge arises
spree murderers
much like a serial killer; characteristics- kills more that one person at two or more locations, happens quickly (with no cooling off period), killer is constantly moving (hiding, running, planning) and often ends with suicide
serial killer
a series of three or more killings, not less than one of which was committed within the United States; having common characteristics such as to suggest the reasonable possibility that the crimes were committed by the same unub (unidentified subject)
common serial killer profile
a caucasian male, between the ages of 18-40, likely a victim of child abuse, and has exhibited signs of the “homicidal triad”
homicidal triad
also called the Triad of Sociopathy or the McDonald Triad; includes animal abuse, arson, and bed wetting past toddler age
the aura phase
where the killer begins losing grip on reality
the trolling phase
when the killer searches for a victim
the wooing phase
where the killer lures his victim in
the capture phase
where the victim is entrapped
the murder or totem phase
the emotional high for killers
the depression phase
which occurs after the killing; when this sets in, it triggers the phases into beginning again
modus operandi
method of operations
signature
the murderer’s psychological calling card; unusual characteristics of a murder that are repeated at several crime scenes
necrophilia
sex with the dead
cannibalism
eating human parts
Jefrey Dahmer
22 on scale of evil, sentenced to 937 years, necrophilia and cannibalism,
Ted Bundy
went to Chi Omega at Florida State
David Ray Parker
toy box killer, 22 on scale of evil, $100,000 toy box, daughter captured victims for him
BTK
bind, torture, kill
organized crime scenes
planned, victim targeted, personalizes victims, controlled conversations, controlled crime scene, submissive victim, restraints used, aggressive acts, body is moved, weapon is taken, little evidence
disorganized crime scenes
spontaneous event, victim unknown, depersonalizes victim, minimal conversation, chaotic crime scene, sudden violence, no restraints, sex after death, body not moved, weapon left, physical evidence
trophies or souvenirs
jewelry, clothing, drivers license, or body parts
John Wayne Gacy
killed homosexual boys
Jack the Ripper
to this day, he/she is unidentified
Zodiac Killer
America’s unsolved serial killer
adjustment disorders
when ongoing stressors cause emotional disturbance and push people beyond their ability to effectively cope
panic disorder w/ agoraphobia
a chronic stat of anxiety and brief moments of sudden panic; the person fears that these panic attacks will occur in public places or unfamiliar situations
panic disorder w/o agoraphobia
a chronic state of anxiety with brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic (panic attack)
agoraphobia w/ panic disorder
intense, irrational fear that a panic attack will occur in a public place or in an unfamiliar situation
agoraphobia w/o panic disorder
fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen if one leaves the house or enters unfamiliar situations
psychodynamic (freud)
anxiety caused by conflicts among id, ego and superego; anxiety disorder that is the end result of a loss of meaning
Gypsy Rose Blanchard
a victim of munchausens by proxy disorder, daughter of Dee Dee Blanchard, sentenced to 10 years
Dee Dee Blanchard
had munchausens syndrome, mother of Gypsy Rose Blanchard
Charles Manson
convicted serial killer; cult leader; believed that he did not kill anyone but he commanded the killings
Dr. Kevorkian
also known as Dr. Death; assisted suicide
Rodney Alcala
was on the show The Dating Game
post traumatic stress disorder
last more than 1 month