Quiz 4 pharmacology

What two components make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)? page. 314

Brain and Spinal Cord

What are the three components of the brain? page. 314

Cortex

Midbrain

Brainstem

The most widely used drugs that are both therapeutic and recreational, are agents that affect what? page. 314

CNS

Where is the medulla oblongata located?

Brainstem

What autonomic functions does the brainstem (medulla) control?

Breathing and Cardiovascular control

What is a common side effect of Opioids and Anesthetics? page. 320

Depression of respiratory drive

What is the only approved naloxone by the FDA? page. 321

Narcan

What are the three opioid receptors? page. 321

mu

kappa

delta

What is the mu receptor responsible for? page. 321

analgesic effects in the CNS and spinal cord and it accounts for respiratory depression, constipation, nausea and vomiting

What effect at opioid receptor does Morphine and Fentanyl have? page. 321

Agonist

What are the brand names for morphine? page. 321

Apokyn

Duramorph PF

Infumorph

Kynmobi

Mitigo

MS contin

What are the brand names for Fentanyl

Fentora

Lazanda

Sublimaze

Subsys

Actiq

For patients who require patient-controlled analgesia, what must be available in the room at all times? page. 322

A bag-mask and naloxone

What are anesthetic induction agents?

Agents used for conscious sedation, deep sedation, or general anesthesia

What are the brand names for Diazepam? page. 324

Valium

Valtoco

Diastat

Diastat Acudial

What are the brand names for Lorazepam? page. 324

Ativan

Loreev XR

What are the brand names for Midazolam? page. 324

Nayzilam

Seizalam

What is the brand name for Etomidate? page. 324

Amidate

What is the brand names for Ketamine? page. 324

Ketalar

Spravato

What is the brand name for Propofol? page. 324

Diprivan

What is conscious sedation? page. 325

Minimally depressed level of consciousness, retaining patients' ability to maintain airway independently and continuously and to respond to physical stimulation and verbal commands

What is deep sedation? page. 325

Depressed consciousness accompanied by partial or complete loss of protective reflexes and inability to maintain airway independently

What is General anesthesia? page. 325

Unconsciousness accompanied by partial or complete loss of protective reflexes and inability to maintain airway independently

What are arrhythmias/dysrhythmias? page. 330

Irregular (faster or slower) heartbeats

What is cardiac output? page. 330

Amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart per unit of time

What is diastolic blood pressure? page. 330

Lowest pressure reached before ventricular ejection

What is inotropic? page. 330

Agent effecting the strength of muscular contraction

What is systolic blood pressure? page. 330

Peak pressure reached during ventricular ejection

What are vasodilators? page. 330

Agent causing dilation of blood vessels

What are vasopressors? page. 330

Agents causing contraction of capillaries and arteries

What is Ventricular fibrillation (VF)? page. 330

Cardiac condition in which normal ventricular contractions are replaced by course or fine, rapid movements of the ventricular muscle

What is commonly present in patients with autonomic dysfunction and shock? page. 330

Hypotension

What are the four kinds of shock? page. 330

Hypovolemic/Hemorrhagic shock

Neurogenic shock

Cardiogenic shock

Septic/Distributive shock

What is blood pressure dependent on? page. 331

Cardiac function

Vascular tone

Vascular volume

How is arterial pressure typically recorded? page. 331

SBP/DBP

What is MAP?

Mean Arterial Pressure

What is MAP defined as? page. 331

The product of Cardiac Output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

What is cardiac output dependent on? page. 331

The sum of all local blood flow regulations

How is Cardiac output calculated? page. 331

CO= HR x SV

How is MAP calculated? page. 331

MAP= HR x SV x SVR

What is the brand name for Dobutamine? page. 331

Dobutrex

What is the brand name for Dopamine? page. 331

Inotropin

What is the brand name for Milrinone? page. 331

Primacor

What is the brand name for Vasopressin? page. 331

Pitressin

What is the usual vasopressor dose of DA (Dopamine)? page. 333

5 to 20 mcg/kg/min

What does DA (Dopamine) directly stimulate? page. 333

Beta receptors

What setting is Vasopressin (pitressin) used in and why? page. 335

septic shock due to its pressor effect and water-retentive effects

What is the dose of Vasopressin (Pitressin) in septic shock? page. 335

0.01 to 0.04 units/min

What is Dobutamine indicated for? page. 335

The short-term treatment of decompensated heart failure secondary to depressed contractility

Milrinone is both inotropic and vasodilator agents? page. 336

Why is Milrinone both inotropic and vasodilator agents? page. 336

Because they increase myocardial contractility and induce vascular smooth muscle relaxation

What is Milrinone most commonly used in? page. 337

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

How many classes are in Antiarrhythmic agents? page. 339

Four classes I, II, III, IV

What form is Procainamide available in? page. 339

IV

What form is Amiodarone available in? page. 339

IV

What form is Digoxin available in? page. 339

IV

What form is Adenosine available in? page. 339

IV

What is the brand name of Amiodarone? page. 344

Cordarone

What is the brand name of Digoxine? page. 346

Lanoxin

What is the brand name of Adenosine? page. 346

Adenocard

What is Amiodarone (Cordarone) effective in the management of? page. 344

Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and Supraventricular arrhythmias (SVAs)

In today's time, amiodarone has become a mainstay in the management of what? page. 344

AF (Atrial Fibrillation), VF (Ventricular Fibrillation), VT (Ventricular tachycardia)

Does digoxin (Lanoxin) have a rapid onset? page. 346

No, it requires approximately 2 hours to achieve maximal effect

What is the rapid administration of Adenosine (Adenocard) used to treat? page. 346

Terminate Supraventricular tachycardia only (SVT's)

What drugs are used in Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)? page. 347

Antiarrhythmics

Vasopressors: epinephrine and Vasopressin

Magnesium

Atropine (for bradycardia or asystole)

What is the leading cause of death in the United States? page. 347

heart disease

What can sudden cardiac death (SCD) be defined as? page. 347

an episode of VF, Pulseless VT, PEA, or asytole

What does is Epinephrine given in? page. 347

1 mg doses as a 10 ml solution

How often can epinephrine be given during a code? page. 347

Every 3-5 minutes

What is the recommended maximal dose of atropine given during resuscitation? page. 348

0.04 mg/kg

What is Arterial blood pressure (blood pressure) defined as? page. 354

The product of systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and cardiac output (CO) or (heart rate x stroke volume)

What is normal blood pressure defined as? page. 354

blood pressure of less than 120/80 mm Hg

Between 2017-2018 how much of the population was estimated to have hypertension? page. 354

Almost half (49.6%)

What is recommended in patients with grade 2 or grade 1 hypertension with comorbidities? page. 355

Based on ISH guidelines, pharmacological therapy is recommended

What is the brand name and dosage for Captopril? page. 358

Capoten, 12.5-450 mg/day

What is the brand name and dosage for Lisinopril? page. 358

Prinivil or Zestril, 10-40 mg/day

What kind of medications are Captopril and Lisinopril? page. 358

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

What kind of medication is Nifedipine? page. 361

Calcium channel blocker

What is the brand name and dosage for Nifedipine? page. 361

Adalat or Procardia, 30-120 mg/day

What are beta blockers indicated for? page. 362

Hypertension

Angina Pectoris

Cardiac Dysrhythmias

Secondary Prevention of MI

Chronic Heart Failure

Pheochromocytoma

Are beta blockers considered first line agents in the treatment of essential hypertension? page. 362

No, but should be reserved as add-on therapy to other antihypertensive agents

Beta blocker-induced pulmonary dysfunction may manifest as what? page. 362

Bronchospasm

Bronchial obstruction

Wheezing

Dyspnea

Cough

Exacerbation of previously stable asthma or chronic airway obstruction

Atenolol, Labetalol, and Propranolol are what kind of medications? page. 362

Beta blockers

What is the brand name and dosage for Atenolol? page. 362

Tenormin, 25-100 mg

What is the brand name and dosage for Labetalol? page. 362

Trandate or Normodyne, 100-2400 mg

What is the brand name and dosage for Propranolol? page. 362

Inderal, 40-240 mg

What kind of medications are Bumetanide and Furosemide? page. 364

Loop diuretics

What is the brand name and dosage for Bumetanide? page. 364

Bumex, 0.5-10 mg/day

What is the brand name and dosage for Furosemide? page. 364

Lasix, 40-240 mg/day

What is a marker for myocardial ischemia? page. 366

Angina Pectoris

What pharmacotherapies for angina are used? page. 367

Nitrates

Beta blockers

Calcium antagonists

What is Ranolazine indicated for? page. 367

The treatment of patients with chronic angina who have not achieved an adequate response with other antianginal drugs

What kind of medication is Nitroglycerin? page. 368

Nitrate

What is the initial dosage for Nitroglycerin when treating angina? page. 368

IV: 5-25 mcg/min to response

What do antithrombotic agents include? page. 368

Anticoagulants

Antiplatelet agents

Thrombolytic agents

What are antithrombotics? page. 369

Agents that prevent or break up blood clots in conditions such as thrombosis or embolism

What kind of medication is Enoxaparin? page. 372

Antithrombotic agent

What is the brand name for Enoxaparin? page. 372

Lovenox