ANATOMY EXAM 1

Define anatomy

the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts.

Anatomy is the setting (structure) in which the events (functions) of life occur

What does anatomy describe?

anatomy describes the body (what its made of, where they’re located, associated structures). Its concrete.

define physiology

function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out life sustaining activities

function of anatomical structures, individual and cooperative functions

What does physiology focus on?

Events at cellular/molecular level

What principles does physiology rests on?

Physics, which help to explain electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscles use bones to cause body movements, among other things.

What can we compare Anatomy and Physiology to?

A leaf (anatomy) and photosynthesis (Physiology)

define the principle of complementarity of structure and function

All specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a structure relates to its function.

define Gross anatomy

AKA macroscopic anatomy, involves examining relatively large structures

Gross anatomy can be seen without using a microscope and can involve the study of anatomy by dissecting a cadaver.

Why is anatomy closely relates to gross anatomy?

Indeed, the term anatomy (from Greek, meaning “to cut apart”) relates most closely to gross anatomy because in such studies preserved animals or their organs are dissected (cut up) to be examined.

define regional anatomy

All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.

define systemic anatomy

body structure is studied system by system. For example, when studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body.

define Surface anatomy

the study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin surface.

The study of general form and superficial (toward the body surface) markings

When do we use surface anatomy?

You use surface anatomy when you identify the bulging muscles beneath a bodybuilder’s skin, and clinicians use it to locate appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pulses and draw blood.

define Microscopic Anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

For most studies, think slices of body tissues are fixed, stained and mounted on glass slides to be examined under the microscope.

What are the subdivision of microscopic anatomy?

Cytology - cells of the body and Histology - the study of tissues

define developmental anatomy

traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan

define embryology

a subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerning developmental changes that occur before birth.

define clinical anatomy (applied anatomy)

emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences. ▪

It incorporates the regional and systemic approaches to studying anatomy and stresses clinical application.

What are the two specialized branches of anatomy?

Pathological Anatomy, and Radiographic Anatomy

define pathological anatomy

studies structural changes caused by diseases

define radiographic anatomy

studies internal structures as visualized by x ray images or specialized scanning procedures.

define human physiology

the study of functions of the human body

define cell physiology

the study of the functions of cells, is the cornerstone of human physiology. ▪

Cell physiology looks at events involving the atoms and molecules important to life. It includes both chemical processes within cells and chemical interactions among cells.

define organ physiology

the study of the function of specific organs.

An example is cardiac physiology, the study of heart function— how the heart works

define systemic physiology

includes all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems. ▪

Cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology, and reproductive physiology are examples.

define pathological physiology

the study of the effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions.

Rank the levels of organization

▪ Chemical/Molecular Level ▪ Cellular Level ▪ Tissue Level ▪ Organ Level ▪ Organ System Level ▪ Organism Level

define chemical/molecular level

At this level, atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins

What four elements make up the body?

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen

What are the major classes of compounds

Water (66%) ▪ Proteins (20%) ▪ Lipids (10%) ▪ Carbohydrates (3%)

define cellular level

▪ Molecules, in turn, associate in specific ways to form organelles, basic components of the microscopic cells. ▪ The smallest living unit in the body- ▪ Consists of organelles

define tissue level

Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function. ▪

Such as: epithelial, muscular, neural, and connective tissue

define organ level

An organ is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (four is more common) that performs a specific function for the body.

define organ system

combination of various organs make up a specific system

For example: the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas make up the digestive system.

How many organ systems do humans have?

11

At the cellular level, what do phospholipid molecules make?

they go onto make the phospholipid membrane, and then the Plasma membrane

What are the major organs of the Integumentary system

Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails

What is the function of the integumentary system

Protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temp, provide sensory info. synthesizes vitamin D, houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors.

What are the major organs of the Skeletal System

bones, cartilages, ligaments, bone marrow

What are the major functions of the skeletal system

provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells.

What are the major organs within the Muscular System

Skeletal Muscles and Associated tendons

What are the functions of the muscular system

provides movement, posture, facial expression, protection and support for other tissues, generates heat that maintains body temp

What are the major organs in the nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

What are the major functions of the nervous system

Directs immediate responses to stimuli, Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, and provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

What are the major organs in the endocrine system

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues

What are the functions of the endocrine system

Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjust metabolic activity and energy used by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development

What are the major organs of the cardiovascular system

heart blood blood vessel

What are the major functions of cardiovascular system?

Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and CO2. Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature. Heart Pumps blood.

What are the major organs in the Lymphatic system

Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils.

What are the major functions of the Lymphatic system

Defends against infections and diseases, return tissue fluids to the bloodstream. Disposes of debris into lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (Lymphocytes) involved in immunity.

What major organs are in the respiratory system

Nasal Cavities, Sinuses, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli

What are the main functions of the Respiratory system

Delivers air to alveoli (site in lungs where gas exchange occurs), provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes CO2 from bloodstream, produces sounds for communication

What are the major organs in the digestive system

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

What is the function of the digestive system

Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves. Feces are eliminated die to indigestion.

What are the major organs in the urinary system

Kidney, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

What are the functions of the urinary system

excretes waste products from blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion, water, electrolytes,and concentration and PH

What are the major organs for the male reproductive system

testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum

What are the functions of the male reproductive system

Producing sperm, semen, hormones. Sexual intercourse

What are the major organs in the female reproductive system

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

What are the major functions in the female reproductive system

Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn infant, sexual intercourse

What is the latin word for stomach/belly

gaster

define digastric muscle

muscle divided into two bellies.

define esophagogastric junction

the site where the esophagus connects with the stomach

define physical examination

the process of evaluating objective anatomic findings through the use of observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.

How many percent of the data is the physical examination?

20

T/F Performing a physical assessment is one of the core practices for healthcare professionals.

True

define inspection

The primary care provider observes the patient’s overall appearance, skin color and condition, body shape, and posture using the inspection technique.

They also look for any obvious signs of injury, deformity, or abnormality, such as rashes, scars, or swelling.

▪ Is the patient wearing the right clothes for the weather? ▪ Are they exhibiting any signs of pain or discomfort? ▪ What is their gait like? ▪ What is their overall demeanor? ▪ What clues do their facial expressions convey?

define palpitations

its when medical professionals use their hands and fingers to feel for any areas of tenderness, swelling, or abnormal growths.

This may involve light palpation to assess surface structures or deep palpation to assess organs located deep within the body

define percussion

the PCP taps on the patient’s body with their fingers to assess the density and position of underlying organs

why is percussion important

Percussion is important for identifying areas of fluid buildup or air-filled spaces, which can help diagnose certain conditions.

Percussion sounds can tell you if the organ is air-filled (lungs), fluid-filled (bladder and stomach), or dense (liver). It can also help reveal the presence of masses

define Auscultation

Auscultation involves using a stethoscope to listen for various lung, heart, and bowel sounds

What are some sounds that you can hear from percussion

heart murmurs, Koratkoff sounds, wheezing, or bowel sounds

What are the three normal lung sounds

Vesicular ▪ Bronchovesicular ▪ Bronchial

What are the abnormal (adventitious) lung sounds

Crackle ▪ Wheeze ▪ Ronchi ▪ Stridor ▪ Pleural rub

What do anatomical terms do?

Describe body regions relative to: ▪ Relative positions and directions ▪ Body sections ▪ Body cavities and their subdivisions

define superficial anatomy

▪ Involves locating structures on or near the body surface.

define anatomical/anatomic position

The standard anatomical reference for the human form

What does the anatomical position look like

▪ When the body is in this position, the hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet are together.

How can the human form be distinguished from others?

The human form can be distinguished from other creatures or objects by overall recognition of its structure and form.

define axial part

which makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.

What are the major parts of the trunk

The trunk is further divided into the thorax, abdomen and the pelvis.

define appendicular part

consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body’s axis.

abdominal

anterior torso below diaphragm

acromial

shoulder

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

depressed area just in front of elbow (cubital fossa)

axillary

armpit (axilla)

brachial

arm

buccal

cheek

calcaneal

heel of foot

carpal

wrist

cephallic

head

cervical

neck

coxal

hip

cranial

skull

crural

leg

cubital

elbow

cutaneous

skin

digital

fingers or toes

dorsal

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