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Globalization
process of interaction and integration among people of different nations
What drives globalization?
international trade and investment aided by modern information technology
Cultural globalization
interconnectedness among different people and cultures because it involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge
What are the values of globalization based on?
individualism, free-market economics and democracy
How does globalization impact the individual (supporters)?
allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living
How does globalization impact the individual (opponents)?
benefits multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures and common people
What is considered the greatest modern influence on modern behavior?
internet
local culture
the culture that we grow up in and share with others
global culture
culture that we come to learn and perhaps adapt to by contact with other cultures
How do we connect with the global culture?
travel, working in international companies or through the media and social networking
bicultural identity
maintaining one's original cultural identity while integrating oneself into the dominant culture
- combines local and global culture
What is one of the most influential global values?
individualism
How might bidirectional identity increase unhappiness in Japan?
Japan distance themselves from existing relationships, but they do not actively build new close relationships
- individualism is seen as selfish and lonely
Method of Ogihara & Uchida (2014) (University Students)
questionnaire
Aim of Ogihara & Uchida (2014) (University Students)
investigate the relationship between individualistic values, subjective well-being and the number of close relationships in Japan and the USA
Results of Ogihara & Uchida (2014) (University Students)
Japan having an individualistic orientation was negatively related to subjective well-being and fewer close relationships; but this was not the case in the sample from the U.S.
Method of Ogihara & Uchida (2014) (workplace)
questionnaire
- same as original research on students
Results of Ogihara & Uchida (2014) (workplace)
Japanese participants who were achievement-oriented scored lower on subjective well-being and had fewer close friends.
identity confusion (Erikson)
adolescent stage of identity development
delocalization
people who have a global consciousness, but very little connection to the place where they live
self-selected cultures
escape the identity confusion
- join like-minded people who wish to have an identity that is not influenced by global culture and its values
Marty & Appleby (1993) theory of self-selected culture
common characteristics of these groups are: a strict code of conduct, a belief that their traditional religious beliefs are superior to modern values, a sense of being under attack by the modern world and a belief in the hierarchy of authority
What is the term used by cultural psychologists to identify the culture that we grew up in?
local culture
Which of the following is a valid conclusion of Ogihara & Uchida's study on Japanese women in an individualistic workplace?
The globalization of culture in the workplace has a negative effect on their sense of well being.
Examples of self-selected cultures as a result of globalization
- military or militia
- fundamentalist religious groups
Affective component of attitudes
a person's feelings or emotions about a person, event or object.
Behavioral component of attitudes
the way the attitude affects how we act toward a person, event, or object
Cognitive component of attitudes
a person's beliefs or knowledge about a person, event, or object
principle of consistency
assumption:
link between attitudes and behavior is that of consistency.
- We expect the behavior of a person to be consistent with the attitudes that they hold
nationalistic identity
one's country is better than other countries and is defensive when the country is criticized
constructive patriotism
although individuals are loyal to their country, they are also able to constructively criticize the country
Conclusion of Ariely (2011)
correlation between nationalism and xenophobia is stronger in countries with higher levels of globalization than in countries with lower levels of globalization.
xenophobia
a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers
According to Ariely (2011), what are the two key reactions to globalization?
- exclusionary reaction
- integrative reaction
integrative reaction
sees other cultures as a resource for problem-solving
- cultural identification is weak, other cultures are not a threat
exclusionary reaction
negative, emotion-driven reaction against another culture
- occurs when identification with the local culture is strong.
Contact Hypothesis (Allport, 1954)
theory posits that through positive contact with out-groups, we improve inter-group relationships
criticism of contact hypothesis
modern research shows that people living in cities are more aware of cultural differences and engage in more stereotyping than people that do not live in cities
Results of Gries et al (2011)
contact with another group through media exposure actually caused more negative reactions
Dynamic Constructivist Theory of Culture
being exposed to a culture, people develop a cognitive representation of the culture made up of a central concept (e.g "American culture") that is linked to different traits for that culture.
Aim of Chiu et al (2009)
if exposing European American participants to another culture would increase their stereotypes about their own culture
Conclusion of Chiu et al (2009)
results of this study suggest that a globalized environment may draw people's attention to their own cultural heritage and make our local identity stronger
marginalization
when a person experiences identity confusion as a result of losing faith in the local culture in the course of exposure to globalization, but at the same time, feeling excluded from the global culture
Hikikomori (Japan)
culture-bound syndrome found primarily in Japan where a young Japanese may lock themselves in their rooms and refuse to come out for years at a time.
Acculturation
The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.
Enculturation
The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations
According to Berry & Sam's adapted acculturation model, what is integration?
When an individual has a positive attitude toward both the global and the local culture
According to Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014), what might be the reason for Hikikomori?
Being unable to identify with Japanese culture, but at the same time, not having access to the global culture.
Reflexivity
analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and effect on, our research
construct validity
the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure
Analogous studies
use people that are similar to those that have the disorder but have not been diagnosed
Limitation of analogous studies
May not be generalizable to those with the disorder
Note 
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