Chapter 10: Early Childhood Development and Parenting

These flashcards cover key concepts from early childhood development and parenting topics, aiming to assist in preparing for the exam.

Emotional Regulation

The ability to manage emotions adaptively.

Self Concept

Ideas about oneself and one’s abilities.

Executive Function

Cognitive processes that coordinate and regulate attention and behavior.

Effortful Control

A child's ability to regulate emotional responses to challenges.

Initiative versus Guilt

Erikson’s third psychosocial crisis that involves children undertaking new skills and feeling guilty when not succeeding.

Protective Optimism

A positivity bias in young children that helps them try new things.

Intrinsic Motivation

The internal drive to pursue a goal.

Extrinsic Motivation

The external drive to pursue a goal, often through rewards.

Brain Maturation

Growth of the prefrontal cortex, critical for executive functions.

Myelination

The process that improves communication between the limbic system and prefrontal cortex.

Play

Universal and enjoyable activity that is crucial to childhood development.

Pretend Play

A form of play where children use imagination to role-play different scenarios.

Social Play

Play that involves interaction with peers.

Types of Play - Solitary Play

A type of play where the child plays alone, unaware of others.

Types of Play - Onlooker Play

A type of play in which a child watches others play without participating.

Types of Play - Parallel Play

Children play with similar toys in a similar way but do not interact.

Types of Play - Associative Play

Children interact by observing and sharing materials but not engaging mutually.

Types of Play - Cooperative Play

Children play together, creating and elaborating a joint activity.

Active Play

Physical play that often mimics aggression without the intention to harm.

Sociodramatic Play

Play that enables children to explore social roles and practice emotional regulation.

Empathy

Understanding the emotions and concerns of another person.

Antipathy

Feelings of dislike or hatred for another person.

Antisocial Behavior

Deliberate actions that harm others.

Prosocial Behavior

Extending helpfulness and kindness without obvious benefit to oneself.

Instrumental Aggression

Hurtful behavior aimed at gaining something from another.

Reactive Aggression

Impulsive retaliation for being hurt; indicates a lack of emotional regulation.

Relational Aggression

Non-physical acts aimed at harming social connections.

Bullying Aggression

Unprovoked, repeated attacks on victims unlikely to defend themselves.

Authoritarian Parenting

High standards with strict punishment and little communication.

Permissive Parenting

High nurturance and communication with little discipline.

Authoritative Parenting

Parents set limits but are flexible and listen to their children.

Neglectful Parenting

Indifferent parenting style where parents are unaware of their children's activities.

Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

Classifies parenting into four styles: authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and neglectful.

Discipline

Strategies for managing children’s behavior.

Physical Punishment

Disciplinary method involving physical force resulting in pain.

Spanking Argument - Pro

Correlations between spanking and negative outcomes may be due to child misbehavior.

Against Spanking Argument

Spanking can lead to abuse and doesn't help children understand behavior.

Sex Differences

Biological differences between males and females.

Gender Differences

Cultural roles and behaviors prescribed for males and females.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud's theories on development related to sex and family dynamics.

Oedipus Complex

The boy's unconscious desire to replace his father and win his mother's love.

Superego

The part of personality that internalizes moral standards.

Electra Complex

The girl's desire to replace her mother and win her father's love.

Behaviorism

The theory that gender differences are learned through reinforcement and punishment.

Cognitive Theory

Explains gender identity development through cognitive categorization.

Gender Schema

Child's cognitive concept about sex differences based on observations.

Sociocultural Theories

Emphasize the importance of cultural values in behavior.

Evolutionary Theory

Posits that gender-related behavior differences are influenced by survival and reproduction.