COGS 180: Neuroscience of Perception Study Guide

the best statement that describes perception

Encoding color and orientation of stimulus

the best statement that describes cognition

Organizing stimulus representations in working memory while making a decision

statements that describe perception and cognition regarding a chess board

1. Encoding colors of pieces and squares is perception, while keeping location of pieces relative to everything in working memory, strategizing and making decisions about moves is cognition

2. Watching the facial expressions of your opponent is perception while deciding on whether he/she is bluffing is cognition

describe the central nervous system

The central nervous system consists of the Brain, Cerebellum, and Spinal Cord

The executive hub of the nervous system, where most conscious decisions are
made, is

the frontal lobes

Simplistically speaking, visual stimuli, auditory stimuli and emotions are processed in these brain regions, respectively:

Occipital lobes, temporal lobes, limbic system

Adrenaline during daily tasks is controlled by

The hypothalamus

The axons are protected by ________ which development is facilitated by ________ in males, and _______ in females:

Myelin, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone

Acetylcholine, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and Dopamine are neurotransmitters thar are involved in ________, ________, and _________, respectively.

Muscle excitation, muscle inhibition and both muscle excitation and inhibition

The hippocampus’ main role is

Indexing of long-term memories

Choose correct statements

1- Eye tracking methods can capture the individual’s attentional selectivity

2- Size of the pupil during pupillometry may index task difficulty and emotional response

3- Observing how birds behave in the rain is an example of a psychophysical approach to conducting scientific studies

4- Computational neuroscience is a mathematical and computer modeling approach that can be applied to social trends.

1- Eye tracking methods can capture the individual’s attentional selectivity

2- Size of the pupil during pupillometry may index task difficulty and emotional response

4- Computational neuroscience is a mathematical and computer modeling approach that can be applied to social trends.

Ionizing radiation is the basis for the following imaging method

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Chose all correct statements that apply

1- EEG and MEG has a better temporal resolution than fMRI

2- fMRI has a better spatial resolution than EEG and MEG

3- EEG and MEG are direct measures of neural activity while fMRI is an indirect measure of neural activity

4- PET is a direct measure of neural activity

1- EEG and MEG has a better temporal resolution than fMRI

2- fMRI has a better spatial resolution than EEG and MEG

3- EEG and MEG are direct measures of neural activity while fMRI is an indirect measure of neural activity

As it pertains to MRI and fMRI, choose all correct statements that apply

1- fMRI is a functional measure while MRI is a structural (anatomical) measure

2- fMRI measures local changes in magnetic field due to a change in blood oxygenation levels, while MRI measures local changes in magnetic field due to tissue types

3- MRI and fMRI rely on absorption and emission of radiofrequencies due to proton spins

4- MRI and fMRI rely on gamma rays emanating from different types of tissues

1- fMRI is a functional measure while MRI is a structural (anatomical) measure

2- fMRI measures local changes in magnetic field due to a change in blood oxygenation levels, while MRI measures local changes in magnetic field due to tissue types

3- MRI and fMRI rely on absorption and emission of radiofrequencies due to proton spins

Choose the correct statements, choose all that apply

1- Sound is an electromagnetic wave

2- Sound is a pressure wave

3- Hearing range of humans is 10 Hz - 80000 Hz

4- Sound is converted to an electrical signal in the brain by the cochlea

2- Sound is a pressure wave

4- Sound is converted to an electrical signal in the brain by the cochlea

The following is true for music and speech sounds, choose all that apply

1- Both music and speech sounds contain pitch and harmonics

2- Both music and speech sounds contain formant structures

3- Only music contain formant structures

4- Only speech contain formant structures

1- Both music and speech sounds contain pitch and harmonics

4- Only speech contain formant structures

The auditory pathway is as follows

1- Ear/Cochlea then auditory nerve then midbrain and thalamus then brain stem then primary auditory cortex (Heschel's gyrus) then non-primary (secondary) auditory cortex then rest of brain.

2- Ear/Cochlea then auditory nerve then brain stem then midbrain and thalamus then primary auditory cortex (Heschel's gyrus) then non-primary (secondary) auditory cortex then rest of brain.

3- Ear/Cochlea then brain stem then auditory nerve then midbrain and thalamus then primary auditory cortex (Heschel's gyrus) then non-primary (secondary) auditory cortex then rest of brain.

2- Ear/Cochlea then auditory nerve then brain stem then midbrain and thalamus then primary auditory cortex (Heschel's gyrus) then non-primary (secondary) auditory cortex then rest of brain.

Choose the correct statements, all that apply

1- Sound frequencies are encoded tonotopically in the primary auditory cortex

2- Sound frequencies are encoded tonotopically in the non-primary auditory cortex

3- Sound frequencies are not encoded tonotopically anywhere along the auditory pathway

1- Sound frequencies are encoded tonotopically in the primary auditory cortex

Pitch processing is ________. As pitch becomes more complex, neural processing extends to the ________ auditory cortex

Hierarchical, non-primary auditory cortex

Interaural Time Difference (ITD) is

How the brain localizes sound, based on the time difference of sound arrival to both ears

Interaural Intensity Difference (IID) is

How the brain localizes sound, based on the intensity difference of sound between both ears.

Cochlear implants work by

Dividing the speech in the frequency domain into frequency bands termed channels

Choose the correct statement

1- Sound from the left ear is mostly processed in the left hemisphere

2- Sound from the left ear is mostly processed in the right hemisphere

3- Sound from the left ear is equally processed in both hemispheres

2- Sound from the left ear is mostly processed in the right hemisphere

Biaural beats are

Beats created by the brainstem by subtracting the sound frequencies of both ears

The __________ possesses much better temporal resolution than the ___________

Auditory cortex, Visual cortex

The eye photoreceptors that are sensitive to light are

rods

The eye photoreceptors that are sensitive to color are

cones

Eye photoreceptors are part of

the retina

Retinal detachment in the visual system is analogous to degraded ________ in the auditory system

hair cells

Visual processing pathway is as follows

Eyes then optic nerve then optic tract then midbrain then primary visual cortex (V1), then V2-V3, then temporal cortex, then and rest of brain.

Visual motion detection occurs in

Middle temporal visual area (MT)

The ventral occipital-temporal cortex is an important region for processing

color

The face specific areas are (choose all that apply)

1- Occipital Face Area (OFA)

2- Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus (pSTS)

3- Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

4- Middle temporal visual area (MT)

1- Occipital Face Area (OFA)

2- Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus (pSTS)

3- Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

In addition to visual specific areas, __________ is involved in assessing facial expression of fear and anger (choose all that apply)

1- The middle temporal visual area (MT)

2- The limbic system

3- The amygdala

4- Spinal cord

2- The limbic system

3- The amygdala

Echolocation is the processes in which animals identify locations of surrounding _________ by analyzing the timing and intensity of echoes of _________

Preys, their own sounds

Evidence suggests that echo location is mainly processed in

The visual cortex

Visual surrounding context influences object identity

true

Tonotopic organization in the visual cortex occurs for

1- Orientation only

2- Color only

3- Spatial discrimination only

4- All of the above

4- All of the above

The visual modality captures the auditory modality in the

1- Temporal domain only

2- Spatial domain only

3- Both the temporal and spatial domains

3- Both the temporal and spatial domains

The visual capture is limited to the auditory modality

false

In order to localize glucose active regions using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), PET detectors

Continuously compute the arrival time of two gamma ray photons at 180- degree angle from one another.

Choose the correct statement

1- The EEG signal stems from extracellular currents within the brain

2- The EEG signal stems from intracellular currents within the brain

1- The EEG signal stems from extracellular currents within the brain

Choose the correct statement

1- The MEG signal stems from extracellular currents within the brain

2- The MEG signal stems from intracellular currents within the brain

2- The MEG signal stems from intracellular currents within the brain

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses

1- Only static magnetic field to image tissues

2- Only radiofrequencies to image tissues

3- Both static magnetic field and radiofrequencies to image tissues

3- Both static magnetic field and radiofrequencies to image tissues

Categorical visual perception asserts that

1- Visual identification of an object or a being is a continuum choice

2- Visual identification of an object or a being is a discrete choice

2- Visual identification of an object or a being is a discrete choice

Artificial Intelligence relies on

1- Knowledge about how neural networks interact

2- Machine Learning, whereby the probability of a certain outcome is based on existing trends

3- Machine Learning whereby the probability of a certain outcome is based on mathematical models

4- All of the above

4- All of the above

The extracellular currents during neural activity must be equal in strength to the intracellular currents of the same neural activity

true

Choose the correct statement

1- EEG and MEG activity is detected directly on the scalp

2- EEG and MEG activity is detected above the scalp

3- EEG activity is detected directly on the scalp and MEG activity is detected above the scalp.

3- EEG activity is detected directly on the scalp and MEG activity is detected above the scalp.

Choose the correct statement

1- The primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus) resides in a gyrus

2- The primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus) resides in a sulcus

3- The primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus) resides in both a sulcus and gyrus

4- The secondary auditory cortex resides in a sulcus

2- The primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyrus) resides in a sulcus

The neuroscience technique with the most superior temporal and spatial resolutions is

1- EEG

2- fMRI

3- PET

4- Intracranial EEG

4- Intracranial EEG