moa and other modul 2

Vancomycin

Metronidazole

MoA of each medication:

Vancomycin: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to

D-alanyl-D-alanine terminal

Metronidazole: Generates free radicals damaging the DNA

Side Effects of each medication

Vancomycin: Red-man syndrome, Nephrotoxicity and Ototoxicity

Metronidazole: Diarrhea, itching, loss appetite, and nephrotoxicity

Alternatives:

Vancomycin: Fidaxomicin

Metronidazole: Linezolid

Penicillin

MoA of each medication:

Penicillin: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PBSs causing

bacterial Lysis

4) Side Effects of each medication

Penicillin: Allergic reactions (rash and anaphylaxis), diarrhea, neurotoxicity

(rare)

5) Alternatives:

No alternatives as it’s the only safe antibiotic to give during pregnancy, all the

other medications are contraindicated during pregnancy

Cephalosporin 3G

Vancomycin

MoA of each medication:

Cephalosporin 3G: Prevents bacteria from building their cell wall. They block

penicillin-binding proteins that help form the cell wall, causing the bacteria to

burst and die

Vancomycin: mentioned above

4) Side Effects of each medication

Cephalosporin 3G: Diarrhea, nausea, allergic reaction, elevated liver enzyme,

and live disfunction

Vancomycin: mentioned above

5) Alternatives:

Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol

Daptomycin

MoA of each medication:

Binds to the bacterial cell membrane and creates tiny holes in it, causing ions

(Calcium and Potassium) to leak out, which disrupts the cell’s internal balance

and leads to bacterial death

Side Effects of each medication

Muscle Pain

5 days after you initiated the treatment the patient starts to describe muscular pain and

the laboratory results show an increase of CK of 10000 U/L

What’s most likely the cause?

Daptomycin

Which organ should be checked?

Kidney

What other drugs should be given?

Statins

MoA of Statins

Blocks an enzyme in the liver called HMG-CoA reductase, which the body uses

to make cholesterol, so they lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood,

especially LDL (bad cholesterol)

5) Side effects of Statins

Muscle Pain, weakness, headache, nausea, and diarrhea

6) Alternatives

Linezolid

Doxycycline and Chloramphenicol

MoA of each medication:

Doxycycline: Binds to 30s ribosomal subunits, preventing tRNA bindings, and

bacterial protein synthesis

Chloramphenicol: Binds to 50s ribosomal subunits, peptidyl transferase

enzyme, preventing amino acids from being added to the growing protein chain.

Preventing bacteria from producing certain protein that helps it survive

4) Side Effects of each medication

Doxycycline: GI discomfort, teeth discoloration in children, and photosensitivity

Chloramphenicol: Bone marrow suppression, and Gray-baby syndrome

5) Alternatives:

They are the only 2 proven medications for RMSF

Piperacillin and Tazobactam

MoA of each medication:

Piperacillin: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding

proteins (PRPs)

Tazobactam: B-lactamase inhibitor preventing degradation of piperacillin

B-lactamase

4) Side Effects of each medication:

Piperacillin: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, rash, injection sight reaction

Tazobactam: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, rash, injection sight reaction

5) Alternatives:

Ceftazidime and Meropenem