Bryophytes: Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts

General Botany

Evolutionary Trends

There was an increased independence of ________

sphorophyte

Evolutionary Trends

Enclosure of embryo within ______ _______

protective layers

Evolutionary Trends

Sterile tissues of gamentangium surrounds _______

embryo

Evolutionary Trends

Gametangia embedded in ______ ______ or attached to

gametophyte tissue

gametophyte

Evolutionary Trends

Ovule:

Megasporangium (nucellus) + integuments

Evolutionary Trends

Megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis, ______ _________ ________

three spores degenerate

Evolutionary Trends

The survivor megaspore mother cell divides by mitosis and gives rise to female gametophyte known as ___ _____

embryo sac

Evolutionary Trends

Integuments

develop into seed coat, and the ovule into a seed

Evolutionary Trends

Carpel

tissue surrounding ovules - develops into fruit

Evolutionary Trends

Anther

Microsporangium produces microsporocytes which undergo meiosis resulting in haploid spores

Evolutionary Trends

Microspores undergo mitosis and produce male gametophyte called the ____ _____

pollen grain

Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Plantae

Chlorophyll a & b

Store polysaccharides as starch

Cell division with phragmoplast & cell plate

Cuticle to reduce water loss

Alternation of generations with zygote growing into multicellular embryo (2n sporocyte)

Gametophyte (n) is dominant

Bryophytes have no ___ _______, _____ ______, _____ ______, ____ or _______

Vascular tissue

true stems

true leaves

roots

seeds

Bryophytes inhabit _____ environments

moist

Bryophytes have _______ to stabilize plant

rhizoids

Bryophytes reproduce solely by _______

spores

In Bryophytes, sporophytes are dependent on

gametophyte

Bryophytes are small and in contact with ____ substrate

moist

Bryophytes

Gametangia

archegonium and antheridia surrounded by sterile layer of jacket cells

antheridia and archegonia born in gametophyte (n); some undergo mitosis producing haploid gametes

Bryophytes

Antheridia

Produce sperm

Bryophytes

Archegonia

Produce eggs

Phylum Bryophyta

Archegonia and antheridia born at _____ of gametophyte

tips

Phylum Bryophyta

Sperm needs water to swim into ____ to fertilize egg cell

archegonium

Phylum Bryophyta

Sporophyte (2n) -

foot, seta, capsule (sporangium)

Phylum Bryophyta

Sporophyte parasitic on gametophyte; ____ cells transport nutrients from gametophyte to sporophyte

transfer

In mosses, the sporangium is a _____

capsule

In mosses meiosis occurs and produces ___ spores

haploid

In mosses, spores germinate first into a _______

protonema

In mosses, the leaves provide support and contains cells to aid in ______ ________

water transportation

In mosses, leaves are usually _____ arranged and have a _______

spirally, midrib

Sphagnum: The Peat Moss

____ cell layer

one

Sphagnum: The Peat Moss

_____ leaves

thick

Sphagnum: The Peat Moss

There are two types of cells:

Large dead hyaline

Living pigmented cells

Sphagnum: The Peat Moss

Walls of dead cells with pores that _____ ______

hold water

Sphagnum: The Peat Moss

Cell walls impregnated with ____ ____ _____ that have antiseptic properties

decay resistant phenols

Sphagnum: The Peat Moss

Release _________ ______ around their environment causing acidification

hydrogen ions

Sphagnum: The Peat Moss

Peat bogs pH usually less than

4

Sphagnum: The Peat Moss

Is commonly used in

horticulture

Peat Moss: An Ecological Concern

They absord ____ ____ ____ of carbon

400 billion metric tons

Peat Moss: An Ecological Concern

formed by accumulation of ______, _______, and ________

mosses, sedges, and grasses

Peat Moss: An Ecological Concern

Used in domestic ____ and as ____ fuel

heating

industrial

Phylum Marchantiophyta: Liverworts

Leafy Thallus:

in 2 rows

lower surface with rhizoids

upper surfaced with surface pores

Phylum Marchantiophyta: Liverworts

_____ shaped gametophyte

liver

Thalloid Liverworts

Moist shaded banks

gametophytes unisexual or bisexual

gametangia formed in gametophores

sperm from antheridia transferred to eggs of archegonia

asexual reproduction via gemmae in gemmae cups

Thalloid Liverworts Gametophores:

Antheridiophores and Archegoniophores

Marchantia : Gametangia

Gametophytes from antheridiophores and archegoniophores

Marchantia : Gametangia

Antheridia contain in the

antheridiophores

Marchantia : Gametangia

Antheridia contain

sperm cells

Marchantia : Gametangia

Archegonia contained in the

Archegoniophore

Marchantia : Gametangia

Archegonium contains

egg cells

Marchantia : Gametangia

Zygote develops into a _____ capsule (2N)

sporophytic

Marchantia : Gametangia

The capsule grows within the _______

archegonium

Marchantia : Gametangia

Sporophyte _____ on gametophyte

parasitic

Marchantia : Gametangia

Sporophyte -

foot, seta, capsule

Marchantia : Gametangia

Developing sporophyte protected from ______ - derived from gametophyte

calyptra

Marchantia : From Archegonium (N) to Capsule (2N Sporophyte)

meiosis occurs within the capsule

haploid spores are released

spores germinate producing gametophytes

Marchantia : Asexual Reproduction

Gemmae splashed from cup

Landing on suitable environment, they divide and produce a new thallus

Seedless Vascular Plants

2 phyla

5 taxonomic groups

Seedless Vascular Plants

Phylum Lycophyta (have microphylls)

small, single vein, no leaf gap

Seedless Vascular Plants

Phylum Lycophyta (have microphylls)

Family Lycopodiaceae

the club mosses

Seedless Vascular Plants

Phylum Lycophyta (have microphylls)

Family Selaginellaceae

The spike mosses

Seedless Vascular Plants

Phylum Monilophyta (have megapylls)

branching veins and leaf gaps present

Seedless Vascular Plants

Phylum Monilophyta (have megapylls)

Class Psilotopsida

whisk ferns

Seedless Vascular Plants

Phylum Monilophyta (have megapylls)

Class Equisetopsida

Horsetails

Seedless Vascular Plants

Phylum Monilophyta (have megapylls)

Class Polypodiopsida

ferns

In seedless vascular plants, the sporophyte is dominant over the _______

gametophyte

Seedless vascular plants produce ______, the main dispersal units

spores

In seedless vascular plants, spores are produced via

meiosis

In seedless vascular plants spores are reproductive cells capable of developing into an adult without the _____ ___ _____ ____

fusion with another cell

In seedless vascular plants spores develop into

sporangia

In seedless vascular plants sporangia may be ____ or supported by sporophylls forming a _____

axile

cone

seedless vascular plants have ____ tissues

vascular

Most seedless vascular plants have true ______

leaves

All seedless vascular plants have ____ and ____

stems and roots

In seedless vascular plants, there are ______

rhizosomes

What are the 2 types of leaves in seedless vascular plants

Microphylls

Megaphylls

Microphylls

stem enations (outgrowths)

one strand of vascular tissue; no leaf gaps

Megaphylls:

evolved from webbing of photosynthetic tissue between branches

leaf gaps are formed

Phylum Lycophyta

Family Lycopodioceae

Sporophyte

branching rhizome producing aerial branches and roots

microphylls - leaf with single vein

spirally arranged

true roots for absorption and support

Phylum Lycophyta

Family Lycopodioceae

Sporangia born ____ on short stalks in _____ of specialized sporophylls

singly

axils

Phylum Lycophyta

Family Lycopodioceae

Sporangia form a ______

strobilus

Phylum Lycophyta

Family Lycopodioceae

Non photosynthetic sporophylls arranged in cones also called ____ at terminus of branches

strobili

Phylum Lycophyta

Family Lycopodioceae

Homosporous spores give rise to ______ ______

bisexual gametophytes

Phylum Lycophyta

Family Lycopodioceae

Meiosis within _____; spores are released

sporangia

Phylum Lycophyta

Family Lycopodioceae

Spores (n) germinate and produce ____ gametophytes

bisexual

Phylum Lycophyta

Family Lycopodioceae

Gametophytes form ____ and _____; may be subterranean

antheridia

archegonia

Phylum Lycophyta

Family Lycopodioceae

Water is required for fertilization due to ____ ____ cell

flagellated sperm

Phylum Lycophyta

Family Lycopodioceae

Fertilization occurs within the ____ of archegonium

venter

Phylum Lycophyta

Family Lycopodioceae

Sporophyte may remain attached to ____ for long time, eventually it becomes _______

archegonium

independent

Phylum Lycophyta

Family Lycopodioceae

Historical Uses

reduce fever

keep pills from sticking together

powder to stop bleeding

cosmetic dusting powder

condom lubrication

lubricating dust in medical gloves

dust explosion

flash powder for photography

Phylum Monilophyta

Class Psilotopsida

25 species

temperature to tropical

the sporocyte with enations and no roots

photosynthetic stem

dichotomously branching stem with terminal and lateral, three-lobed, fused sporangia

sygangium with thick walls

meiosis within sporangia

Subterranean Gametophytes

system of rhizomes with numerous rhizoids

Phylum Monilophyta

Class Equisetopsida

only one genus

15 species

may be the oldest surviving genus in plants

Grow in sandy, moist habitats

jointed stems, photosynthetic; ribbed internodes

stem with cell walls containing silica deposits

whorled megaphylls but microphyll-like through reduction

stem hollow

The cortex contains vallecular canals

carinal canals surround the central canal, and each is associated with a vascular bundle

subterranean rhizomes with numerous roots

sporangia cells undergo meiosis forming (n) spores

spores released by elaters when low humidity

germination of spores produce free living gametophytes

Gametophytes are photosynthetic

bisexual or male gametophtyes

sperm is multi-flagellated

Phylum Monilophyta

Historical Uses

scour pots and pans

diuretic

astringent

protect skin from minor abrasions

reduce bleeding

cure diarrhea

Phylum Monilophyta

Class Polypodiopsida

Mostly tropical

12,000 species

leaves called fronds, emerge from underground stems

emergency of fronds from croziers of fiddleheads

• known as circinate vernation

• formation of new leaves

sporophyte is dominant over gametophyte

mostly pinnately compound leaves called fronds, sometimes simple

if compound, leaf with a stipe, a rachis and pinnae are present

sporangia are born in clusters called sori on lower surface of frond

indusium may be present

• outgrowth of blade

sori

• includes indusium, if present,and sporangia

cells within sporangia undergo meiosis and form (n) spores

annulus

• when cells dry up, they put tension on annulus cells of sporangium causing snapping and this releasing of the spores

spores are release → germination → mitosis → heart-shaped pro-thallus

prothallus develops into heart-shape

gametophyte forms and is free living with many rhizoids

on ventral surface, antheridia and archegonia

after fertilization, sporophyte divides, grows and becomes independent, a whole new fern is formed

a fern rhizome has a appearance of a necklace, called Minolopyta

Fern Life Cycle

Oogamous

Alternation of heteromorphic generations

• sporophyte larger and more complex than gametophyte

homosporous

The trunks of tree ferns are composed of rhizomes that grow vertically, embedded in a dense mantle of adventitious roots

rhizome bark - favorite for epihyte substrate

Phylum Monilophyta

Historial Uses

fiddleheads used in salads

tree ferns

• dense golden hair covers the base of the front stipe and buds

• it is exported as pulu which is used for mattress and pillow stuffing and for packing material