Chp 9 Diverse Psychological perspectives on motivation and Emotion

Motivation

Is the process by which activities are started, directed and continued so that physical , Psychological needs and wants are met

Extrinsic Motivation

Is when a  person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person

Intrinsic motivation

Is when a person performs an action because the act is fun , challenging  or satisfying and its from the inside 

Clark Hall 

developed the drive reduction theory in 1943

Homeostasis

this is the state of steady Internal physical and chemical conditions maintained in living systems

Drive reduction theory

is a theory that assumes that behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

Need

Is a requirement  of some material essential for survival of the organism 

Drive

Is the psychological tension and physical arousal when there is need that motivates organism to act in order to fulfill need and reduce tension

There are Two kinds of drives

Primary and secondary drive

Primary Drives 

is involving the needs of the body like  hunger and thirst 

Acquired drives

are drives learned through experience or conditioning such as the need for money or social approval

there are three needs in Mc Clellan’s Therory

need for affiliation , need for achievement , need for power

need for affiliation

is the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others

Need for power

is the need to have control or influence over others

Need for achievement 

involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals not only realistic but also challenging 

need for achievement (2)

this is theory that has been applied in corporations for higher job satisfaction for employees

Arousal theory

is a theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

Yerkes - Dodson Law 

is  a law stating performance is  related to moderate levels  of arousal which lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that ae too low or too high 

arousal for an easy task require a

high to moderate level of arousal

arousal for difficult task requires a

low - moderate level of arousal 

sensation seeker

is one who needs more arousal than the average person

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a belief

that all humans have several levels of need a person must strive for reaching self actualization

peak experiences 

times in a persons life  during which self actualization is temporarily achieved  

Maslow proposed

that human beings must fulfill the more basic needs such as physical and security needs before being able to fulfill the higher needs of self actualization and transcendence

Maslows first stage of need physlogical needs

is satisfying hunger ,thirst and fatigue

Maslows second stage of need - safety

to feel secure and out of danger 

Maslows third stage of needs - Belongingness and love needs 

is to be with others and  be accepted 

Maslow’s fourth stage of need - Esteem 

to achieve , be compentent and gain recognition 

Maslow’s fifth stage of need - cognitive

the need to know , understand and explore

Maslow’s six stage of need- aesthetic

to appreciate beauty order and symmetry

Marlow’s final stage of need -self actualization

to find self fulfillment and realizes one’s potential

The three elements of emotion are

physical arousal, behavior and awareness

Two types of emotion  present in physical arousal

1 Positive emotions also result in altered

autonomic nervous system activity, characterized

by increased parasympathetic nervous system

activity

2 negative emotions result in parasympathetic withdrawal

and sympathetic activity

positive emotions are located

in the left frontal lobe

negative emotions located in

right frontal lobe

Amygdala

A complex structure whose role have been investigated primarily

through studies of fear conditioning

Dr Joseph Le Doux develpoed two theoretical pathways about how brain gets the a message to brains fear control center

1 Low road which is a pathway that travels through the subcortical (which is fast outside of your conscious awareness ) which starts with senses > to the >thalamus and then to > amygdala . 2 Highroad which is a pathway that travels through the senses > thalamus > cortex to amygdala

Emotional Expression( behavior )

the way we express emotions in our faces appears to be universal 

Display rules

is how when where we display our emotions which varies according to culture

Labeling Emotion (inner awareness)

is interpreting subjective feelings by giving it a label