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anatomy
the structure of an organism
applied anatomy
also known as clinical anatomy; application of anatomical study; treatment & diagnosis of a disease
descriptive anatomy
description of individual body parts; no reference to disease
pathological anatomy
changes in structures & how they relate to different types of diseases
physiology
the study of the function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical processes involved
midsaggital plane
cuts the body in right and left halves
transverse planes
cuts upper and lower halves of the body
frontal plane (coronal)
results in front and back portions of the body
anterior (ventral)
front surface of the body
posterior (dorsal)
toward the back
rostral
towards the head
epithelial tissue
superficial (outer) layer of mucous membranes and the cells making up the skin (surface covering of body and linings of cavities/passageways); provides a barrier, like skin
connective tissue
composed of intercellular material, known as the matrix, to which the cells are bound, can be solid, liquid, gel-like; supports and protects
muscular tissue
contractile tissue; capable of being stimulated to contract; consists of voluntary (striated), involuntary (smooth), and cardiac muscle
nervous tissue
highly specialized communicative tissue; consists of neurons that take on a variety of forms; transmits info between neurons, sensory receptors
tissue aggregates
conjunction/collection of different tissues into a mass
fascia
sheet-like membrane surrounding organs
ligaments
bind organs together or holds bones to bones or cartilage
tendons
attach muscle to bone or cartilage
bones
along with cartilage provide the structure for the body, articulating by means of joints
joints
the union of bones with other bones, or cartilage with other cartilage
axial skeleton
the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs
80 bones
appendicular skeleton
the part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle and the upper and lower limbs
126 bones
origin
point of attachment; least amount of movement
insertion
point of attachment; moves as a result of muscle contraction
striated muscles
also known as skeletal muscle because it is the muscle used to move skeletal structures; voluntary/conscious control
smooth muscles
muscular tissue of the digestive tract and blood vessels, involuntary control
cardiac muscles
composed of cells that connect in a net-like fashion
agonists
muscles that move a structure
antagonists
muscles that oppose movement
synergists
muscles that stabilize structures
respiratory system
breathing for speech
phonatory system
production of voiced sounds
articulatory/resonatory system
used to alter the characteristics of the sounds fo speech
nervous system
related to the central nervous system's control of speech process
respiration
the exchange of gas between organism and its environment; requires muscular effort; goal is oxygenation of blood and elimination of carbon dioxide
respiratory system functions
supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide
filters the air we breathe in
assists in producing sound
contains receptors for smell
rids the body of some excess water and heat
helps regulate blood pH
Boyle's Law
all forces in nature seek balance and equilibrium
forms the basis for movement of air into and out of the lungs
if you decrease the volume the air pressure will increase
vertebral column
33 segments of bone with a rich set of fossa & protuberances designed for function; supports ribs, houses spinal column, helps with movements
cervical vertebrae
C1-C7
superior articular facet
aids some movement; connects vertebrae together
spinous process
attachment for muscles
vertebral foramen
opening for spinal cord
corpus (CV)
body
transverse process
attachment for muscles
C1
atlas
C2
axis
7 true ribs
direct attachment to the sternum
3 false ribs
indirectly attach to the sternum
2 floating ribs
do not attach to the sternum
Ribs
elevate during inspiration
Sternum
3 components:
manubrium
corpus
xiphoid process
Manubrium
attachment for clavicle & 1st rib
Corpus (S)
attachment for 5 more ribs
Xipohoid process
anterior most attachment of diaphragm
respiratory mucosa
a layer of cells that secrete mucus; found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx & trachea, can trap contaminants
Nose
provides an airway for respiration, moistens and warms entering air, filters and cleans inspired air, resonating chamber for speech, detects odors in the air stream
internal nares, external nares, nasal conchae
Internal nares
opening to exterior
external nares
opening to pharynx
nasal conchae
folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes
pharynx
common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems
originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus
common pathway for both air and food
force swallowed food into the esophagus
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
lower respiratory tract
conducting airways
respiratory portion of the respiratory system
conducting airways
trachea
bronchi
up to terminal bronchioles
respiratory portion of the respiratory system
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
trachea
flexible tube; 11 cm; 15-20 c-shaped tracheal cartilages; starts @ end of larynx; becomes left & right bronchi @ carina; lined by cilia
larynx
"voice box," prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract (reflexive cough); conducts air into the lower respiratory tract; produces sounds; 9 pieces of cartilage
sound production
inferior ligaments = true vocal folds
superior ligaments = vestibular folds/false vocal folds
bronchial tree
a highly branched system of air-conducting passages that originate from the left and right primary bronchi
terminate in terminal bronchioles
foreign bronchioles are more likely to lodge in the primary bronchus
alveoli
small air sacs; each lung contains approx. 300-400 million
gas exchange
can take place in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
lungs
apex - projects superiorly to a point that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle, top portion
base rests upon the muscular diaphragm
left lung
divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissure
smaller than right lung (to fit in cardiac region)
cardiac notch accommodates the heart
right lung
divided into 3 lobes by oblique and horizontal fissure
located more superiorly in the body due to liver on the right side
pleura
the outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined with this serous membrane
visceral pleura
the outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by this
pleural cavity
the potential space between the serous membrane layers
pleural effusion
occurs when fluid that accumulates between the two pleural layers; this can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs
pneumothorax
abnormal collection of air or gas in the pleural space that separates the lung from the chest wall; may interfere with normal breathing
quiet inspiration
needs only one muscle
elastic recoil: after muscles are stretched they recoil to their pre-stretched position
forced inspiration
calls on many more muscles
diaphragm
primary muscle of inspiration
divides the thoracic from the abdominal cavity
increases the vertical dimension of the thorax and provides for inhalation
muscles radiate out from central tendon
external intercostals
raise the ribs
significant for speech
parasternal portion of internal intercostals
helps elevate and slightly rotate ribs when expands
levator costarum
elevates ribs
serratus posterior superior
elevates ribs 2-5; upper ribcage of rib cage
sternocleidomastoid
elevation of chin
helps elevate sternum and anterior portion of rib cage
scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)
stabilizes head; facilitates rotation
elevate first and second ribs
checking action
requires the recruiting of the intra-abdominal muscles which allows you to control the release of air and release it little by little
transverse abdominus
acts as antagonist to diaphragm
external oblique
lowers ribs; antagonist to diaphragm
internal oblique
lowers ribs
rectus abdominus
lowers ribs; powerful vertical muscle
quadratus lumborum
draws 12th ribs downwards
passive expiration
we let the forces inherent to the tissues restore the system to a resting position after inspiration (driven by forces of elasticity and gravity); natural restorative processes
active expiration
we use muscular effort to push the air out of the lungs; involvement of the muscles
elasticity
1/2 active forces in passive expiration
lungs are highly elastic, porous, sponge-like tissue
tend to expand as soon as compression is released, volume increases
gravity
when standing/sitting upright, gravity acts on ribs to pull them back after they expanded
also works to maximize overall capacity by pulling abdominal viscera down, leaving more room for lungs
gas exchange
ventilation
distribution
perfusion
diffusion
ventilation
actual movement of air in the conducting respiratory pathway
distribution
air is distributed to the alveoli