Quiz 1 PSYCH

key elements of scientific attitude

key elements of scientific attitude

curiosity

What is critical thinking?

examines assumptions

Socrates and Plato

-the mind is separable from the body -mind continues after the body dies. -Knowledge is innate.

Aristotle

-need data -knowledge comes from observation -knowledge is NOT innate

Renee Descartes

-Agreed with Socrates and Plato -dissected animals -believed that the fluid in brain flows through nerves causing muscles to move

Fancis Bacon

-founder of modern science -empiricism

Emiricism

the idea that knowledge is based on observations

John Locke

-Tabula Rasa- mind is a blank slate written on by experiences

Whilhelm Wundt

• established first phycology lab

• wanted to measure the atoms of the mind

Edward Bradford Titchener

-introduced structuralism to study the elements of the mind -used introspection

Structuralism

Early school focused on identifying the elements of thought and mind (structure) the way early chemists developed the periodic table to classify elements

Introspection

the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's own psychological processes

Charles Darwin

• natural selection of mental and physical traits

• adaptive evaluation

• influenced William James

William James

• introduced Functionalism

• principles of phycology

functionalism

functionalism assumes a purpose- ex. smelling and thinking must have helped us evolve

Mary Whiton Calkins

-student of William James -first female president of APA

• was denied Ph. D at first due to gender

• memory researcher

Margaret Floy Washburn

• student of Edward Titchener

• first female to earn Ph.D. in psychology

• The Animal Mind

How did behaviorism further the development of phycological science(Who)?

B.F skinner John B. Watson

Behaviorism

• the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Sigmond Freud

• developed treatment process called psychoanalysis -personality theorist

Freudian

unconscious forces and childhood experiences affect out behavior and mental processes

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

• humans strive to reach full potential

• unconditional love

• personal growth

Humanism

-"third force" in psychology -rejected both behaviorism and psychoanalytical psychology

• the study of potential and personal growth

Cognitive Psychology

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

mental processes

consists of the internal

Nature vs. Nurture

name for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

nature

behaviors and mental processes occur because they are inborn or innate

-socrates and plato

-Rene Descartes

-Charles Darwin

nurture

Behaviors and mental processes occur as a result of experience or environment

-Aristotle \n -John Locke's "Blank slate"

evolutionary psychology

The study of how behaviors and mental processes present in the species today exist because they were naturally selected

behavior Genetics

The study of the relative influence and limits of genetic (nature) and environmental (nurture) influences on behaviors and mental processes

WEIRD cultures

Western

Culture

shared set of beliefs

How does contemporary Psychology focus on biology and experience?

Shared Biological Processes Guide behavior Across cultures

positive psychology

-the scientific study of human flourishing -the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues

• strengthens individuals and communities

biopsychosocial approach

understanding behavior or mental processes from 3 key view points

Behavioral Perspective

how learned and observable behaviors impact behavior and mental processes

Biological Perspective

how biological (genetics

cognitive perspective

How interpretations of situations and mental processes (thoughts

evolutionary perspective

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes

Humanistic Perspective

how the drive for personal growth and self-actualization impact behavior and mental processes

psychodynamic perspective

how unconscious drives and conflicts impact behavior and mental processes

social-cultural perspective

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving

active processing

enhanced memory occurs with intentional engagement with material

SQ3R study method

Survey

basic research

scientific inquiry that aims to increase psychology's knowledge. base -Pure science

Applied research

scientific inquiry that aims to use psychology to solve practical problems -real world applications

Psychologists conducting basic research

-biological psychologists (neuroscientists) -developmental psychologists -cognitive psychologists -educational psychologists -personality psychologists -social psychologists

Psychologists conducting applied research

-biological psychologists (neuroscientists) -developmental psychologists -cognitive psychologists -educational psychologists -personality psychologists -social psychologists -industrial-organizational psychologists -human factors psychologists

Dorthea Dix

-reformer who advocated for the humane treatment of the mentally ill

cognitive psychologists

They study human thinking and might work as a professor or a corporate consultant.

developmental psychologist

they study how our behavior changes as we age -work in school

educational psychologist

study how we learn in different environments and in different ways -schools

experimental psychologists

They conduct experiments to understand our behaviors and mental processes. -They might work as professors at a university or be employed at a research institution

Psychometric Psychologists

They use math and statistics to create

social psychologists

They study how we interact with others and how groups impact us individually.

forensic psychologist

they bring law and psychology. together. they might. develop. public policy for the mentally ill

Enviromental Psychologist

they study haw we are influenced and affected by our natural or build surroundings

health psychologists

Psychologists who study the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and illness

I/O Psychologists

study the relationship between people and their working environments

Neuropsychologists

They study how our brain impacts our behavior and thoughts. They might treat Alzheimer's or stroke

rehabilitation psychologists

They help individuals who have lost functioning after an accident or illness. -They might work as university professors conducting basic or at a medical school

School Psychologist

they work with kids in school dealing with problems that may negatively impact their learning in the classroom

Sports Psychologist

They work with athletes to help them improve their performance. -They might work as university professors or as a consultant for a team

clinical psychologist

a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances

community psychologist

they work with larger groups or communities and focus on crisis management... such as recovering from a hurricane

counciling psychologist

they help individuals cope with or make difficult life changes