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Madeleine Leininger
Born on July 13, 1925, Sutton, Nebraska, United States and died on August 10, 2012, Omaha, Nebraska, United States.
Madeleine Leininger
She obtained her basic nursing education at St. Anthony School of Nursing, Denver, Colorado and graduated in 1948.
Madeleine Leininger
Merited her Bachelor of Science degree from Benedictine College, Atchison, Kansas
Madeleine Leininger
She obtained her degree of Master of Science in Anthropology from the University of Washington, Seattle in 1953.
Madeleine Leininger
was a nursing theorist and a nursing professor.
Madeleine Leininger
the creator of Transcultural Subfield of Nursing and the culture Care Theory of Diversity and Universality
Transcultural Nursing
was developed because people of each culture can not only know and define the way in which they see their nursing care world but also compare it to general health beliefs and practices.
Culture Care
recognized because of the nursing care aspect.
Cultural Care
from cultural aspects
Cultural Care Reservation/Maintenance, Cultural Care Accommodations/Negotiations, Cultural Repatterning/Restructuring
3 Types of Nursing Actions
Person
are universally caring beings who survive in a diversity of cultures through their ability to provide the universality of care in a variety of ways that depend on the culture.
Health System, Healthcare Practices, Changing Health Patterns, Health Promotion, Health Maintenance
Components of Health
Culture
centers on a group within society, characterized by patterning of actions, thoughts, and decisions based on learned, shared, and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways within an identifiable setting or environment.
Environmental Framework
The totality of an event situation and experience.
1985
Leininger first showed her presentation of the theory in
Culture
can be seen in the actions, words, rules, symbols, and behavior patterns of people and is learned and then handed down from generation to generation.
Cultural Diversity
This refers to the differences or variations that can be found both between and among different cultures.
Cultural Universality
refers to the commonalities or similarities that exist in different cultures.
Transcultural Nursing Education
becomes more crucial for all nurses nationwide.
Without cultural nursing preparation
some nurses understand culture shock, conflict, and clashes as they move from one place to another.
The Journal of Transcultural Nursing
provided transcultural nurses with research and theoretical perspectives on 100 cultures nationwide.
1970s
There is a superior demand for holistic and transcultural people who are trained to safeguard quality-based care because of the sensitive public awareness of Health care costs, Culture, Human rights
Health Care Costs, Culture, Human Rights
In 1970s, there is a superior demand for holistic and transcultural people who are trained to safeguard quality-based care because of the sensitive public awareness of
Pastoral Nursing
Providing health care in spiritual.
Transcultural Nursing
You will be called if there's a conflict or nurses find it difficult to understand what culture is all about; they will need your specialization.
Ethnonursing
research technique to examine the theory in nursing focus proposed to culture care
Margaret Newman
Born on October 10, 1933 in Memphis, Tennessee
Margaret Newman
Designed the Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness
Margaret Newman
Earned a bachelor’s degree in home economics and English from Baylor University in Waco, Texas
Margaret Newman
A second bachelor’s degree in nursing from the University of Tennessee in Memphis
Margaret Newman
Master’s degree in medical-surgical nursing and teaching from the University of California, San Francisco
Margaret Newman
Doctor of Philosophy in nursing science and rehabilitation nursing from the New York University in 1971
Patterns
are the attitudes and actions behind the patient’s practices; the purpose why they are doing it
Nursing Process
Nurses are seen as facilitators in helping an individual, family, or community to focus on patterns of relating pattern recognition, considered the
Health by Newman
fusion of disease and non-disease
Health by Newman
a transformative process to more inclusive consciousness”
Inclusive Consciousness
is awareness within oneself
Environment
being the larger whole, which contains the consciousness of the individual
Person and Environment
viewed as a unitary evolving pattern
1986
Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness was officially published in
Theory of Unitary Human Beings
Newman’s theory arose from
Pathology
the symptoms that we see in a person
Health
the “pattern of the whole” of a person and includes disease as a manifestation of the pattern of the whole, based on the premise that life is an ongoing process of expanding consciousness
Pattern
information that depicts the whole and understanding of the meaning of all of the relationships at once
Consciousness
both the informational capacity of the system and the ability of the system to interact with its environment
Movement
means whereby space and time become a reality
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Born on October 16, 1933, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Received a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Duquesne University in 1955.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Earned a Master of Science in Nursing from the University of Pittsburgh in 1966.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Completed her Doctor of Education (EdD) in Curriculum and Instruction from the University of Pittsburgh in 1973.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Held various academic positions, including faculty roles at Duquesne University and the University of Pittsburgh. (1983-1993)
1981
Parse first published her theory “Man-Living-Health” Theory in
1992
Parse changed the name of her theory to the “Humanbecoming Theory” in
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Established the "Nursing Science Quarterly" journal to promote nursing theory and research,
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
President of Discovery International, Inc.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Published nine books and more than 100 articles and editorials about the nursing field.
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Received the New York Times Nurse Educator of the Year Award in 2008.
Theory of Humanbecoming
Guides the practice of nurses to focus on quality of life as it is described and lived.
Theory of Humanbecoming
Presents an alternative to both the conventional biomedical approach as well as the bio-psycho-social-spiritual theories.
Theory of Humanbecoming
Focuses on quality of life based from each person's own perspective as the goal of the nursing practice.
Theory of Humanbecoming
Provides a transformative approach to all levels of nursing.
Theory of Humanbecoming
this model gives the nurse the ability to see the client's perspective.
Totality Paradigm
states that man is a combination of biological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual factors.
Simultaneity Paradigm
states that man is a unitary being in continuous, mutual interaction with the environment.
Meaning
Humanbecoming is freely choosing personal meaning in different situations and priorities in life. Man's reality is given meaning through lived experiences.
Valuing
the process of choosing and embracing what is important.
Imaging
the creation of one's own reality and one's reality reflects who one is as a unitary person.
Languaging
the ways people express themselves to the world; it may be verbally, written or in their actions.
Rhythmicity
Humanbecoming is co-creating rhythmical patterns of relating in mutual process with the universe.
Revealing-Concealing
the process humans use to show and/or hide personal evolution or becoming
Enabling-Limiting
are opportunities or restrictions that occur daily. It is making choices and living with the consequences of our actions
Connecting-Separating
are the patterns of connecting and separating with people, things and places.
Transcendence
Humanbecoming is co-transcending multi-dimensionally with emerging possibilities. It refers to reaching out and beyond the limits a person sets, and that one constantly transforms.
Powering
the pushing-resisting process that propels people in life through difficult times.
Originating
human uniqueness and the ways people create their own becoming as they choose from all possibilities that could be.
Transforming
integrating unfamiliar ideas or activities into one's life. This is changing for the better and becoming a new entity.
Illimitability
“The indivisible unbounded knowing extended infinity, the all-at-once remembering and prospecting with the moment”.
Illimitability
Refers to our knowledge on the subject or situation that we apply in the moment.
Paradox
“An intricate rhythm expressed as a pattern preference”.
Paradoxes
are not “opposites to be reconciled or dilemmas to be overcome, but rather, lived rhythms.
Freedom
“Contextually construed liberation”. People are free to continuously choose ways of being with their situations.
Mystery
“The unexplainable, that which cannot be completely known”
Meaning, Rhythmicity, Transcendence
Three Abiding Themes
Illimitability, Paradox, Freedom, Mystery
Four Postulates
Humanbecoming Theory
believes that the human being, the environment, and health are closely linked, making it difficult to characterize the three concepts individually.
Nursing
human science and art that uses an abstract body of knowledge to help people.
Person
an open being who is more than and different from the sum of the parts.
Health
The open process of being and becoming, and involves the synthesis of values.
Environment
Refers to everything in the person and his or her experiences.
Environment
is inseparable from the person, as well as complementary to and evolving with the person.
Nola Pender
Born on August 16, 1941, in Lansing, Michigan
Nola Pender
Received her nursing diploma in 1962, from School of Nursing at West Suburban Hospital in Oak Park, Illinois
Nola Pender
Began working on a medical-surgical unit and subsequently in a pediatric unit in Michigan Hospital.
1964
Pender completed her baccalaureate degree in nursing at Michigan State University
Nola Pender
Earned a master's degree in human growth and development at Michigan State University in 1965
Nola Pender
Completed her doctorate in psychology and education in 1969 at Northwestern University
1975
Pender published "A conceptual model for preventive health behavior"
HPM
served as a framework for research aimed at predicting overall health-promoting lifestyles and specific behavior such as exercise and use of hearing protection
HPM
was formulated through induction by use of existing research to form a pattern of knowledge about health behavior.
HPM
formulated with the goal of integrating what is known about health-promoting behavior to generate questions for further testing