Unit 3 Early Modern Era Review

Albrecht Durer

Northern Renaissance artist from Germany who did printmaking

Botticelli

made La Primavera and The Birth of Venus

Barolomeau Dias

Portuguese explorer who became the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa in 1488.

Caterina Sforza

Italian noblewoman, military and political leader during Italian Wars.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, Naples and Sicily. (tried to maintain Catholicism during Protestant Reformation).

Christine de Pizan

Medieval writer from Benice who was a male feminist and wanted women to be educated and empowered.

Christopher Columbus

Found Americas and marked the start of colonization.

Cimabue

Florentine painter (mosaicist), developed art of painting in Italy.

David

Heroic Biblical portrayed in much of the Renaissance art for killing Goliath

Desiderus Erasmus

Known as the prince of humanism, and published the central text of humanism\-- the New testament

Donatello

Lifelike works such as the bronze statue of David and the equestrian statue of Gattamelata.

Gentileschi El Greco

Baroque painter known for her depictions of women in mythological and biblical stories.

Ghiberti

Known for his work on bronze doors of Florence Baptistery. (Early Renaissance, took 20 years to complete).

Giotto

One of the founders of modern painting. Worked in Early Renaissance style and made Scrovegni Chapel frescoes in Italy.

Hans Holbein the Younger

German artist and printmaker (Northern Renaissance style(. Made portraits and religious works including a portrait of King Henry VIII and his court.

Henry the Navigator

A portuguese prince, who funded the exploration of new lands, and encouraged trade. Never went on any explorations himself, just encouraged them

Henry the VIII

Broke with the Roman Catholic Church, Church of England established.

Hieronymus Bosch

Dutch artist, imaginative and surreal paintings, religious and moral themes.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the world. Died but some of his crew survived.

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Spanish explorer. Led expedition to find Seven Cities of Gold in Southwestern Americas.

Jakob Burkhardt

Swiss historian who wrote “The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy”. The book emphasized individualism and secularism.

Jan van Eyck

introduced oil painting and it caught on in the north, introducing the medium for the Northern Renaissance

John Calvin

French Protestant theologian who was known for predestination (look it up)

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath known for his contributions to art, science, engineering, and architecture, including famous works such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, as well as his numerous inventions and extensive notebooks.

Lucretia Marinella

Feminist who wrote “The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and the Vices of Men,” (defended capabilities of women).

Martin Luther

Germane theologist who initiated the Protestant Reformation.

Masaccio

Italian Painter known for perspective and realism (Garden of Eden)

Matthias Grünewald

German Renaissance painter known for religious works like Isenheim Altarpiece which shows crucifiction of Jesus in an emotional manner.

The Medici

wealthy banking family that took over reins of state, strong uninterrupted political line,CONSIDERED MIDDLE/WORKING CLASS BECAUSE THEY DID NOT HAVE BLOODLINE

Michelangelo

sculptor, painter and architect (made Sistine Chapel ceiling and statue of David).

Niccolo Machiavelli

diplomat, philosopher and writer wrote “The Prince”, discussed use of power and manipulation in politics “it is better to be feared than loved”

Petrarch

father of humanism, devoted his life to recovering, copying, and edition latin manuscripts

Pico della Mirandola

philosopher who wrote the “Oration of the Dignity of Man”, asserts that humans can achieve greatness through will and reason.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Flemish painter who depicted everyday life in his works. (“The Harvesters”).

Pope Julius II

Pope who commissioned arts like Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel painting.

Raphael

High Renaissance painter who made “School of Athens” and “Sistine Madonna” paintings.

Rubens Rembrandt

Dutch Baroque painter known for his use of light and shadow, as seen in works such as "Night Watch" and "Self-Portrait with Two Circles."

Titian

an Italian Renaissance painter known for his use of color and brushwork in works such as "Venus of Urbino" and "Assumption of the Virgin."

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer who is best known for being the first European to reach India by sea in 1498

Velasquez Hals

a Spanish Baroque painter known for his portraits of Spanish royalty, including the iconic "Las Meninas."

Vermeer

a Dutch Baroque painter known for his use of light and intimate depictions of everyday life, as seen in works such as "Girl with a Pearl Earring" and "The Milkmaid."

african diaspora

the dispersal and migration of people of African descent across the world, primarily as a result of the transatlantic slave trade

anabaptists

Anabaptists rejected the authority of the state in religious matters and believed in the separation of church and state. Killed because of their belief

anglican church

created by King Henry the VIII after Catholicism barred him from remarrying after Catherine of Aragon failed to produce him a male heir; Catholicism without some sacraments

angola

ruled by Queen Nzinga, one of the most dominant players in the transatlantic slave trade

astrolabe

First created by greece and refined by Arabs laters, this instrument was used to find where mecca was and the time of the day

benin

Formerly known as the dahomey(WOMAN KING REFERENCE!!!!!) was a major center of the west african slave trade.

british east india company

The British East India Company was a trading company that was established in 1600 to trade with India and the East Indies.

Caravel

Sailing ship used during the age of exploration by portuguese and spanish and could travel long distances.(THINK OF A GENERIC PIRATE SHIP!!!)

cartaz

Used by the portuguese to control trade in certain areas in the indian ocean, particularly near india and sri lanka. Tried to make a monopoly off of the spice trade, kind of like a ticket

casta

hierarchical system in spain based on racial ancestry in Spanish America

casta painting

Depictions of mixed race families and were used to depict the complex hierarchy of racial and ethnic differences

chiaroscuro

treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting

chorale

A chorale is a type of religious song that originated in lutheran church in the late 16th century in germany

civic humanism

“How can you as a citizen, contribute to your community (city-state)?”

classical humanism

movement to recover and revive Greco-Roman culture

columbian exchange

Trade between Africa, Americas, and europe. (NO SLAVESSSSSS!!!)

council of trent

formal Catholic reply to doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation; there was no goal in bringing down Protestant religions but rather to stop people from further leaving the Catholic Church and spread Catholicism to places it had never been before (Americas!)

creoles

used to describe people of mixed European and African or Indigenous ancestry, who developed their own distinct culture and language

dahomey

Major Supplier of slaves in the African slave trade. Kingdom grew with slave trade

daimyo

The lord class of feudal Japan

devotional realism

enhanced the devotional religious mood of the age (more concerned about Christ and his suffering)

doctrine of predestination

Conveyed that what happens in life was already predestined by god, and the only thing we could do about it was live a honest and moral life

dutch east india company

Created a monopoly off of the indian ocean trade(BASED NEAR PHILIPPINES NOT INDIA DUMBOS)spices go rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr

encomienda

forced labor system in Spanish colonies were indigenous people paid tribute to colonists or provided laborers

engenho

Portuguese sugar cane mills, literally means mill but used to refer to the mill and the entire plantation

florence

The BirthPlace of the Renaissance. Home to the Medici family

free trade

goods and services traded across international borders without any barriers(ex

fur trade

Furs were highly valued for their warmth and durability, and were used to make clothing, hats, and other items. The fur trade was primarily conducted by European traders who established trade networks with indigenous peoples in North America, Siberia, and other regions.

galleons

large, multi-decked sailing ships first used as armed cargo carriers and were used as warships, sole means of communication between Spain and the Philippines and was an economic lifeline for Spaniards in Manila

german peasant revolts

Europe’s largest and most widespread revolt before the French Revolution, Martin Luther did not like it because he was besties with the Princes instead, peasants suffered great losses even though they outnumbered the aristocracy by 290,000 (they were less skilled and had less resources)

gold

Trans-saharan trade became huge after gold was very popular in west africa(Mansa musa was rich off it)

grisaille

gray-toned, a method of painting in gray monochrome to imitate sculpture

gumbo

Gumbo is a dish that originated in West Africa and was brought to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade.

gutenberg printing press

This led to a significant increase in the availability of printed materials, which in turn contributed to the spread of knowledge and the development of the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation.

hacienda

Plantation in South america, mainly sugar, coffee, or tobacco plantations

homunculus

grown Jesus as a perfect man but shrunk into baby form

humanism

drawing ideal figures to inspire common folk to be like them and show the capabilities of the human species (Renaissance definition)

humanists

They sought to revive and emulate the culture and achievements of ancient Greece and Rome, focusing on the study of literature, history, philosophy, and other areas of humanistic inquiry.

impact of reformation on music

Led to the development of hymns and chorales, Moved from traditional latin to german and english

impact of slave trade on africa

The forced removal of able-bodied men and women from Africa had a significant impact on the continent's labor force and demographic makeup, and contributed to the development of underdevelopment in Africa.

index of forbidden books

massive list of all literary works that have been banned by the Catholic Church (pretty much everything by Luther and Calvin)

Indian cotton

cotton was an important commodity in India, and the country was a major producer and exporter of cotton textiles.

indian ocean commercial network

trade between south/southeast asia, Africa, and oceania.

indulgences

buying favors for workers in the Church to pray for you specifically; Luther is highly against this and claims that it is against God and will anger him

Italian renaissance

It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and philosophy, and a focus on humanism, individualism, and the potential of the individual.

jesuit

member of Society of Jesus (Catholic order of priests founded by Ignatius Loyola and Francis Xavier to do missionary work); education is a big part in this

kongo

The Kongo kingdom was known for its trade networks, which included the export of slaves, ivory, and copper to European traders. First met with portuguese.

lateen sail

The most famously known type of sailboat, triangle sail and used for fishing

latin vs. north america slavery

Latin America had much more slaves, work was harder in latin america than in north america, almost 90% of slaves went to latin america

little ice age

The Little Ice Age was a period of global cooling that occurred between the 16th and 19th centuries

magnetic compass

crucial to navigation, needle helped explorers navigate/chart waters

malacca

cuts the sailing time of passing to India by 1/3rd than the second closest route, heavily helped increase naval trade

maroon societies

(usually) Africans living on the outskirts of plantations or in forests that help slaves and their families made on the plantations to escape as well as raiding the plantation of weapons or other resources

measles

a disease brought by the Spanish/Portuguese when arriving at the New World and decimated large numbers of the native population along with smallpox and influenza

memento mori

constant signs/reminders that the human life is mortal/limited and you will eventually perish with everyone else

mercantilism

philosophy that wealth is economic warfare

mestizo

mixed-race of Spanish and native people in the land

middle passage

the passage from africa to the americas

mita

Incan labor system