50s-70s Test (copy)

Stonewall Riots

New York City, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn (Gay Bar) owned by the Mafia who pays off the police & upcharges/blackmail customers; the cops raided the bar and the patrons fought back, which sparked protests/riots

Marsha P Johnson

“Pay it no mind,” One of the women involved with the Stonewall Riots, advocates for gay rights and anyone affected by HIV or AIDS

2nd wave feminism

 started in the 1960s and 70s, focused on the problems of discrimination and equality in gender (1st wave=voting rights

)

Shirley Chisholm

she was the first African American in Congress and was the first woman to run for president (got blocked from any televised event), she advocated for women and minorities.

Gloria Steinem

the feminist magazine Ms., Founder of the Women's National Political Caucus, campaigned for the Equal Rights Amendment.

Feminine Mystique

Written by Betty Friedan, talked about the frustrations women had with the roles they were given because of their gender

Equal Rights Amendment

 Wrote by Alice Paul, seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters.

Phyllis Schlafly

Schlafly became an outspoken opponent of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) during the 1970s as the organizer of the "STOP ERA" campaign. She argued the ERA would take away what she thought of as privileges women currently got, such as the exemption from mandatory military service

Roe v Wade

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States generally protected a right to have an abortion.

Hippie

a usually young person who rejects the mores of established society (as by dressing unconventionally or favoring communal living) and advocates a nonviolent ethic, music/drugs

(Difference between Hippies and Beatniks: Beatnik culture tended to be centered on literature and poetry, while hippie culture tended to be centered on drug use and rock and roll music.)

Beatnik

a person who participated in a social movement of the 1950s and early 1960s which stressed artistic self-expression and the rejection of the mores of conventional society, poetry/literature

(Difference between Hippies and Beatniks: Beatnik culture tended to be centered on literature and poetry, while hippie culture tended to be centered on drug use and rock and roll music.)

Baby boom

Increase in birth rate post WWII (1946-1964), young couples get married fast and want to have babies after the horrors of war, 76 million born

Levittown

Post-WWII cookie-cutter town with homogeneous neighborhoods

Interstate system by Eisenhower

Federal highways connecting the US, running north-south(off #s) and east-west (even #s), to connect the principal metropolitan areas, cities, and industrial centers; to serve the national defense; and to connect at suitable border points with routes in Canada and Mexico

Miranda Rights

Basic rights read to arrested individuals to prevent police brutality (right to remain silent, right to an attorney)

Camp David Accords

Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt mediated by President Jimmy Carter, ended many years of war between the two countries

Iran Hostage Affair

response to successful Iranian revolution (Khomeini takes over) against pro-American Shah of Iran, Iranian students hold 444 Americans hostage for months, released after negotiations with President Ronald Reagan

Kennedy v Nixon

1st televised presidential debates, Kennedy wins (young, charismatic) over Nixon (conservative)

Kennedy Assasination

Lee Harvey Oswald kills him while driving in Dallas TX, then runs to hide and when taken into police custody is killed by a night club owner (Jack Ruby)

Warren Commission

The U.S. commission in charge with investigating the assassination of JFK. It came to the conclusion that Oswald was alone in his actions and advised to reform presidential security measures.

New Frontier

JFK’s plan, legislative program which included proposals to provide medical care for the elderly, to rebuild blighted urban areas , to aid education, to bolster the national defense, to increase international aid, and to expand the space program

Space Race

The space race was a 20th Century struggle between two nation-states, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US). The pursuit for both was the domination of space flight technologies.

Freedom Riders (Murders and the KKK)

The Freedom Riders challenged this status quo by riding interstate buses in the South in mixed racial groups to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation in seating. on a peaceful protest against racial segregation on interstate travel reached, Anniston, AL and their bus was attacked and then set on fire by members of the Klan

Little Rock 9

First 9 African American students to desegregate Little Rock Central High School

Sit-ins (Woolworth)

African American students did a sit-in at the segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, NC. they refused to leave after being denied service

Emmitt Till

14 yro African American boy who was kidnapped and lynched in Mississippi after being accused of offending Carolyn Bryant (white woman) in a grocery store, sparking civil rights activism

Medgar Evers

on the way home from a NAACP meeting he was shot on his doorstep by Byron de la Beckwith (KKK member), finally got justice decades later, fought against Jim Crow laws, pushed for school integration, recruited new workers into the civil rights movement, NAACP’s first field secretary in Mississippi

Fannie Lou Hamer

the lady who got her uterus taken out without her knowing, gave powerful speeches about civil and voting rights, harassed when she and others tried to register to vote, gave speech during presidential election (Lyndon Johson wins against Barry Goldwater)

Malcolm X

advocated for black nationalism and black pride, spokesman of the Nation of Islam, assassinated by group of other muslims

       

Bloody Sunday

Police, state troopers, and a group of citizens violently attacked civil rights marchers (protesting the blocking of black people voting) attempting to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, resulted in Pres Johnson signing Voting Rights Act (outlawed discriminatory voting practices)

War on Poverty

An attempt to reduce poverty rates, refers to a set of initiatives proposed by President Johnson’s administration, It did reduce poverty, ex= Relief; Hired young (15-20 yo), unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country, employed over 3 million people. Conservation projects mainly.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1965

prevents discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, or origin; this outlawed segregation in public areas/businesses. 1965: outlawed any discriminatory voting practices, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting.

LBJ (Great Society)

Johnson's Great Society helped end poverty, increase access to education and health professionals, build highways and schools, and added federal health insurance, social wellfare initiative

Vietnam War protests

Protests of the Vietnam war throughout America; started by leftist university students. Young peace advocates like “hippies” emerged.

Kent State

 Members of the Ohio National Guard fired into a crowd of Kent State University anti war protestors, killing four and wounding nine Kent State students.

Pentagon Papers

Had information about the U.S.’s involvement in Vietnam, Daniel Ellsberg photocopied the papers and gave them to the press, showed that many presidents lied about U.S. involvement in the war

Suburbs in the 50s

cookie-cutter neighborhoods, Levittown- by Levitt, similar identical homes that were affordable and only white people

Sputnik

first artificial satellite orbiting the earth by the Russians, shocked the U.S. and made them focus more on space stuff (created NASA)

McCarthy/HUAC

during the Red Scare due to the cold war, McCarthyism- accusing people of being communists, causing them to lose their job, House Un-American Committee- investigating U.S. citizens to see if they are communists or have any ties

Watergate

5 men from Nixon’s administration tried to break into the Democrat headquarters/Watergate (wiretapping) and Nixon tried to cover up the investigation and the illegal Oval Office tapes he had. U.S. v. Nixon said that he had to give the Oval Office tapes but he tampered with them, the people were outraged and lead to Nixon’s resignation.

Nixon and the EPA

Nixon established the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), conducts operations to preserve and protect the environment with acts such as the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act

Brown v Board (Ruby Bridges)

When Ruby was in kindergarten, she was chosen to take a test to determine if she could attend an all-white school (1st child to integrate an all white school). This was due to the 1954 Supreme Court ruling of Brown vs. The Board of Education which ordered all schools to desegregate

Montgomery Bus Boycott (Rosa Parks)

Sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks on 1 December 1955, the Montgomery bus boycott was a 13-month mass protest that ended with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses is unconstitutional.

MLK Jr (life and assassination)

a Baptist minister and social activist who led the civil rights movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968 by James Earl Ray

I have a Dream speech

"I Have a Dream" is a public speech that was delivered by American civil rights activist and Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. In the speech, King called for civil and economic rights and an end to racism in the United States.

Letters from Birmingham Jail

Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the Letter from Birmingham Jail while he was imprisoned for leading nonviolent civil rights demonstrations in Alabama in 1963. The Letter from Birmingham Jail explains why MLK believed people had a responsibility to follow just laws and a duty to break unjust ones.

Cuban Missile Crisis

In 1962 the Soviet Union began to secretly install missiles in Cuba to launch attacks on U.S. cities. The confrontation that followed, known as the Cuban missile crisis, brought the two superpowers to the brink of war before an agreement was reached to withdraw the missiles. USSR (Khrushchev) remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for US (JFK) removing them from Turkey and leaving Cuba alone (Castro in charge), first time there had ever been nuclear bombs in range of US

G.I Bill

enacted by Congress and signed into law by FDR. Gave benefits to WWII veterans like helping them pay for college, graduate school, and training programs

Lucille Ball

Actress, comedian, producer, and studio executive. Broke barriers for women in entertainment by being pregnant during her show.

Elvis Presley

King of Rock n Roll. Sold over one billion records worldwide, over 150 different albums and singles certified gold, platinum and multi-platinum

Little Richard

Singer and songwriter known as the "Architect of Rock and Roll"

McDonalds

Founded by the McDonald brothers. Ray Croc wanted to franchise it, but he ended up ripping them off and stealing it from them. Ray is now credited for founding the company. It was revolutionary because there were no tables to sit at, and people were given no utensils. 

AIM

American Indian Movement. Native Americans started fighting for their rights and promote “red power.” In 1973, 200 Sioux occupied Wounded Knee, where they were massacred in 1890.