The Rise of Nationalism in Europe – Lecture Review

Sixty question-and-answer flashcards reviewing major concepts, events, people, and symbols from the lecture on European nationalism.

Who created the 1848 print series imagining ‘democratic and social Republics’ worldwide?

French artist Frédéric Sorrieu

In Sorrieu’s first print, what two objects does the female Liberty hold?

A torch of Enlightenment and the Charter of the Rights of Man

What does the procession of diverse nations in Sorrieu’s print symbolise?

The artist's utopian vision of a world composed of democratic and social republics, where people from different nations unite in their pursuit of liberty and self-determination.

What is an ‘absolutist’ form of government?

A centralised, militarised monarchy with few or no legal restraints on its power.A form of government where the ruler holds absolute power and authority, often suppressing political opposition and individual freedoms.

What does ‘utopian’ mean in a historical context?

An ideal society so perfect it is unlikely ever to exist

According to Ernst Renan, which shared experiences are essential to being a nation?

Common glories of the past and a shared will to act together in the present and future

Define ‘plebiscite’.

A direct vote by an entire population on a specific proposal

Which revolutionary concepts emphasised collective French identity in 1789?

La patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen)

Which new flag replaced the Bourbon royal standard after 1789?

The French tricolour of blue, white and red

What 1804 legal code standardised French and conquered territories’ laws?

Napoleonic Civil Code

Name two privileges abolished by the Napoleonic Code.

Privileges based on birth and the feudal system

What was the Zollverein?

A German customs union that removed tariff barriers among member states

In which year was the Zollverein established?

1834

What national goal did Friedrich List hope the Zollverein would achieve?

Binding Germans economically to strengthen political unification

What did 19th-century economic liberalism advocate?

Free markets and removal of state restrictions on goods and capital

Main purpose of the 1815 Treaty of Vienna?

To restore Europe's pre-Napoleonic political order, re-establish monarchies, and to prevent further expansion of France in the future.

Which Austrian statesman hosted the Vienna Congress?

Duke Metternich

Which royal dynasty was restored in France by the Treaty of Vienna?

The Bourbon dynasty

What is ‘conservatism’ in 19th-century Europe?

A belief in preserving traditional institutions while modernising to strengthen them

What was the Carbonari?

An Italian secret society opposing absolutism

Who founded the organisation ‘Young Italy’?

Giuseppe Mazzini

When did the Greek War of Independence begin?

1821

Which cultural movement stressed emotion, folk culture and nationalism?

Romanticism

Who argued that German volksgeist lived in folk traditions?

Johann Gottfried Herder

How did the Grimm Brothers promote German nationalism?

By collecting and publishing German folktales and compiling a German dictionary

What general hardship fuelled many 1830s-40s revolts?

Rising population, joblessness and food shortages

Primary aim of the 1848 Frankfurt Parliament?

To draft a constitution for a unified, parliamentary German nation-state

Why did King Friedrich Wilhelm IV reject the Frankfurt Constitution’s crown?

He refused to accept a crown offered by an elected assembly, seeing it as from ‘the gutter’

How were women treated during the 1848 Frankfurt assembly?

Allowed only as spectators in the galleries, without voting rights

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

Prussian chief minister who engineered German unification.

Name the three wars that completed German unification (1864-71).

Danish War, Austro-Prussian War, Franco-Prussian War

In what year was the German Empire formally proclaimed?

1871

Who became the first German Emperor (Kaiser) in 1871?

William (Wilhelm) I of Prussia

Which statesman masterminded Italian diplomatic unification?

Count Camillo de Cavour

Who led the volunteer ‘Red Shirts’?

Giuseppe Garibaldi

What was the ‘Expedition of the Thousand’ (1860)?

Garibaldi’s volunteer campaign that captured Sicily and Naples

When was Victor Emmanuel II declared king of a unified Italy?

1861

Which act merged Scotland with England to form Great Britain?

The Act of Union, 1707

Name the female personifications of France and Germany.

Marianne (France) and Germania (Germany)

Which crown decorates Germania to symbolise heroism?

A crown of oak leaves

Which European region was called the ‘powder keg’ due to nationalist tensions?

The Balkans

Which empire still ruled much of the Balkans in the 19th century?

The Ottoman Empire

Define ‘allegory’.

An abstract idea expressed through a person or thing in art or literature

What did the black-red-gold flag symbolise in 1848 Germany?

The liberal-nationalist movement, later banned by German dukes

How did Napoleon affect Europe’s feudal structures?

He abolished feudalism and serfdom, modernising administration

List two reasons conquered peoples turned against French rule.

Heavy taxes and forced conscription coupled with censorship

Who were the ‘Junkers’?

Large Prussian landowning aristocrats backing the monarchy

Which reform after 1848 ended serfdom in Habsburg lands?

Abolition decrees issued by Emperor Franz Joseph

Which treaty recognised Greek independence?

Treaty of Constantinople, 1832

Who famously said, ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’?

Austrian Chancellor Metternich

What is ‘suffrage’?

The right to vote in political elections

Politically, what did liberalism advocate in early 1800s Europe?

Government by consent, constitutions, representative parliaments

Which social group became the main carrier of liberal nationalism?

The educated middle class—industrialists, professionals, businessmen

Why was press freedom crucial to liberal-national movements?

It spread nationalist ideas and criticised autocratic censorship

How did folk songs and dances aid Polish nationalism?

They preserved language and culture under Russian suppression, symbolising resistance

Purpose of France’s 1848 ‘national workshops’?

To provide state-sponsored employment for the jobless

What slogan appeared on Andreas Rebmann’s 1798 almanac cover?

‘The people must seize their own freedom!’

In the Leipzig cartoon, what do letters falling from Napoleon’s bag show?

Names of territories he lost after the 1813 defeat

What inscription was painted on Germania’s sword in 1860 art?

‘The German sword protects the German Rhine.’

What was the Habsburg Empire?

A multi-national monarchy ruling Austria-Hungary and diverse Central-East European lands