PSYC1101 - Ch 8 - Motivation and Emotions

motivation

The biological, cognitive,or social forces that activate and direct behavior.

instinct behavior

The view certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming.

Drive theories

The view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce intternal tension caused unmet biological needs.

homeostasis

The idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplie, as relatively constant levels;
In general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium.

drive

A need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis

incentive theories

The view that people are motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards.

Arousal theory

The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal - neither too high nor too low

Sensation seeking

The degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensroy and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities

humanistic theories of motivation

The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential.

Glucose

Simple sugar that provides energey and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats.
Commonly called blood sugar

insulin

Hormone produced by the pancreas that regualtes blood levels of glucose and signals the hypolathamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior.

Basal Metabollic Rate (BMR)

When the body is at rest, the rate of which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration.

Adipose tissue

Body fat that is the main source of stored, or reserve, energy

Energy homeostasis

The long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure

gherlin

Hormone manafactured primarily by the stomach that stimulates appetitite and the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland

positive incentive value

In eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure of consuming of consuming a particular food;
In general, the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior.

satiation

In eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal, in general, the sensation of having an appetite or desire fully or excessively satisfied.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Hormone secreted primarily by the small intestine that promotes satiation.
Also found in the brain.

sensory-specific satiety

The reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food.

Leptin

Hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypolathamus, regualting hunger and eating behavior.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Nuerotransmitter found in deveral brain areas, most notably the hypolathamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain.

set-point theory

THeory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal body weight, called set-point weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feeling s of hunger and body metabolism.

settling-point models of weight regulation

General model of weight regulation sggesting that body weight settles, or stabilizes, around the pointat which there is a balance between the factors influencing energy and energy expenditure.

body mass index (BMI)

A numerical scale indicating adult height in relation to weight, calculated as: (703 X weight in pounds)/(height in inches)^2

obese

Condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index equal to or greater than 30.0.

Cafeteria diet effect

The tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable foods is available.

leptin resistance

A condition in which highe-than-normal blood levels of the hormone letin do not produce the expected physiological response.

Weight cycling

Repeated cyxles of dieting, weight los, and weight regain
Also called yo-yo dieting.

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist that developed of human motivation in 1940's and 1950's.
Created Maslow's Heirarchy of needs.

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's hierarchical division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs

Self-actualization

Defined by Maslow as a person's "full-use and exploration of talents, capacities and potentialites."

Self-determination theory (SDT)

Edward Deci and Richard Ryan's theory that optimal human functioning can only occur if the phycological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.

intrinsic motivation

The desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; the desire to do something for its own sake.

extrinsic motivation

External factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequence, or social expectations.

competence motivation

The desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation.

Achievement motivation

The deire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task.

Thermatic Appreciation Test (TAT)

A projective test developed by Henry Murray and his colleagues that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in a variety of ways.

emotion

A complex psychological state that involves subjective experienc, a psychological response and a behavorial or expressive response.

Emotional Intelligence

The capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend and respond appropiately to the emotional responses of others.

Basic emotions

The most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal.

interpersonal engagement

Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationshipwith another person or other people.

amygdala

Almond-shaped cluster of neurons in the brain's temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear.

Display rules

Social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression, especially facial expressions.

Anthropomorphism

The attribution of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman animals or ianimate objects.

James-Lange theory of emotion

The theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes. (1) Perception of stimulus, (2) Physiological arousal, 3) emotion

facial feedback hypothesis

The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion.

two-factor theory of emotion

Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is the interaction of (1) physiological arousal and the cognitive label (2) that we apply to explain the arousal for an emotion (4). Ex: Being informed of injection of a drug attributes the response of people to the drug and people who weren't informed attribute it to emotion.

cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

The theory that emotional responses are triggereed by a cognitive evaluation. "Label"

self-efficacy

The degree to which a person is convincedof his or her ability to effitively meet the demads of a particualr situation.

Walter Cannon

American psychologist who developed an infulential theory of emotion called the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.

Charles Darwin

English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859.

Edward L. Deci

American psychologist eho, along with Richard M. Ryan, developed the self-determination theory, which contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can occur only if the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.

Paul Erkman

American psychologist and emotion researcher who is best known for his work in classifying basic emotions, analyzing facial expressions, and demonstrating that basic emotions and expressions are culturally universal.

William James

American psychologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called the Jmes-Lange theory.

Richard M. Ryan

American psychologist that with the help of Edward L. Deci, developed self-determination theory that contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can occur only if the psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness are satisfied.