Pre-AP World History Review

cultural diffusion

the spread of cultures, religions, and ideas

Abraham

Founder of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

caste

social classes of hereditary status; India

jati

subgroups of families within a caste

varna

a Sanskrit word meaning "color" used to refer to Aryan social classes

vedas

religious texts that were passed down from generation to generation of Aryans

Rig Veda

the most important Veda; Veda

Unipashad

writings which reflect Aryan and Dravidian beliefs; commentaries on Vedas

atman

a human spirit; Indian

Hinduism

a polytheistic religion that began as a combination of Aryan and Dravidian beliefs

Brahmins

the top of the caste system; priests and scholars/teachers

kshatriya

the second caste; warriors and government officials

vaisyas

the third caste; herders, farmers, merchants, land owners

sudras

the fourth caste; laborers and servants

Untouchables/Harijan

Dalit

law of manu

a set of behavioral norms allegedly prescribed by India's mythical founding ruler, Manu

dharma

the moral and religious duties of a Hindu

karma

the belief that all the deeds in your life affect your next life

Ashoka

The 3rd and said to be greatest ruler of the Mauryan Dynasty who spent most of his life conquering different regions of India; grandson of Chandragupta Maurya

Changragupta Maurya

the founder and first ruler of the Maurya Empire

provinces

divided empire run by local officials; Maurya Empire, India

Kalidasa

One of India's greatest writers; Gupta Empire

sati

the Ancient Indian practice of a widow being burned alive on her husband's funeral pyre

granaries

storehouses for grain

Mandate of Heaven/Dynastic Cycle (T'ien Ming)

a Chinese political belief created by the Zhou saying that Heaven (T'ien) maintained certain rulers or dynasties' power if they rule justly, wisely, and with the welfare of their people in mind, and if rulers fail to do that, then Heaven takes away their right to rule China.

Ming

Chinese belief of destiny that was closely associated with the Mandate of Heaven

warring states

a period of time where smaller pieces of China fought each other in civil war among Chinese warlords; End of Zhou dynasty

Shi Huangdi

Real name was Ying Zheng; Qin ruler known as "China's first emperor", unified China using strict, harsh rule (legalism)

Great Wall of China

the world's longest man

Terracotta Warriors

an army of clay warriors built to protect Shi Huangdi's tomb

legalism

Chinese philosophy based on the assumption that all humans are evil and corrupt

Doaism

chinese philosophy based on the belief in 2 opposing forces in nature and the Dao

loazi

Creator of Daoism

confucianism

a Chinese philosophy that is based off the 5 key relationships and filial piety;was heavily rejected by the Qin;state philosophy of the Han

Confucius

Founder of Confucianism

Neo

Confucianism

shi

chinese educated bureacracy;Han

ethnocentricity

the belief that your culture is better than others

pictographic writing

an advanced writing style made by the Shang

agora

the center for trade & government;Greek

acropolis

a temple on a hill dedicated to a sacred god

patron god/goddess

A god or goddess who was in charge of the protection and advancement of a Greek city

aristocracy

state ruled by nobility

oligarchy

state ruled by a small group of citizens

direct democracy

state ruled by its citizens

Homer

Blind, Greek poet who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey.

philosopher

someone who used reason and logic to understand laws

Socrates

Greek philosopher who created Socratic dialogue and was forced to drink hemlock for "corrupting the youth"

Plato

Student of Socrates who created the Republic and founded the Academy

Aristotle

Macedonian student of Plato who created the basis for scientific inquiry and opened the Lyceum; tutor of Alexander the Great

Dialogues

written record of Socrates' dialogues (written by Plato)

Delian League

an alliance between Athens and other Greek city

oracles

people who could see the future/female religious leaders (associated with Apollo)

Alexander's Empire

Alexandria (contained Macedonia, Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, part of India)

The Peloponnesian War

The civil war between the Delian League (Athens) and the Peloponnesian League (Sparta)

Persian Wars

a series of wars between Greece and Persia

Trojan War

A war fought between the Mycenaean Greeks and the city of Troy

minoan

earliest civilization on Crete

mycenae

earliest Greek civilization, conquered Crete from minoans

phoenicians

Seafaring civilization in Mediterranean and Aegean Seas

democracy

a form of government where people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation

pastoral nomads

a way of life of people who do not live continually in the same place but move cyclically or periodically

shifting cultivation

an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned while post

secularism

dealing with worldly, non

natural law

forces of nature that cause phenomena to occur

hellenic culture

a fusion of the ancient Greek world with that of western asia, northeastern africa, and southwestern asia

battle of marathon

part of the first Persian invasion of Greece; greek victory

hellenistic age

era of macedonian control after Alexander the Great's death

Solon

an athenian politician, lawmaker, and poet

Cleisthenes

an ancient Athenian lawgiver credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens

Draco

an Athenian lawgiver whose harsh legal punishment code punished both trivial and serious crimes in Athens with death

Pericles

Athenian leader of the Delian League

Phillip II

the king of the Spaniards who was a member of the Hapsburg Dynasty

Cyrus the Great

Persian warrior king

Alexander the Great

Macedonian king who conquered Persia, India, and Egypt

Republic

"thing of the people"; government run by elected officials; no monarch

senate

ruling body of elected officials in Rome

patricians

commoners; lower class Roman citizens

plebians

commoners; lower class Roman citizens

consuls

2 executives chosen by Roman citizens

tribunes

representatives of the plebeians in the roman government

Julius Caeser

successful military general; Roman dictator

triumvirate

rule of 3; Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey

Caesar Augustus/Octavian

nephew of Julius Caesar; first emperor of Rome

Law of Twelve Tables

Roman Republic's laws

Pax Romana

200 year period of peace in Rome.

Punic Wars

wars of conquest fought between Rome and Carthage of Africa

Virgil

Roman poet; wrote the Aeneid

Diocletian

emperor who divided Rome into 2 halves

Constantine

Roman emperor who established Constantinople and legalized Christianity

stoicism

the philosophy of Marcus Oreleas;work for the state

Han Wudi

Han emperor known for conquest and expansion of China

Forbidden City

Han capital in Chang'an, only the emperor, his family and his close advisors

Scholar Gentry

Class of well

Islam

Monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad in 622 CE in Mecca

Bedouins

Arab nomadic herders and merchants

Medina

City in Arabia; meaning "city of the prophet";formerly known as Yathrib

Mecca

Holiest city in Islam; place of religion's founding

Ka'aba

Cube shaped shrine in Mecca to which Muslims pray, houses divine meteorite

Muhammad

Founding prophet of Islam; Meccan merchant