Chapter 1 Part 2: Scientific Methods

What is Theory “based on the handbook of biological investigation”?

• Something that you can infer but cannot absolutely prove

• Cannot be disproved by a single experiment

• More reliable than the hypothesis

What is THEORY?

Explanation of natural phenomena

Theory can absolutely disprove by one experiment

False: a theory cannot be absolutely disproved by a single experiment; it is supported by a body of evidence.

Theory is reliable

True: it has done various repeated experiment to support the findings

What is Hypothesis “based on the handbook of biological investigation”?

• To support THEORY with multiple research and experiments

• can be disproved with single experiment

Hypothesis needs multiple experiment to be disproven

False: it can be disproven with a single experiment

What is the KNOWLEDGE IN SCIENCE?

• To know what it is and what it is not

• To know the possibilities even though it is not certain

What are the “steps” of SCIENTIFIC METHODS?

1. Make observation

2. Develop HYPOTHESIS

3. Make a prediction and perform experiments

4. Collect and Analyze date

5. Develop Conclusion

Observation is an opinion

False: observation is a factual statement based on sensory experience.

Observation can be described as

A formal way of watching the natural world

What is necessary during abservation?

Select a answerable question about the observationand gather relevant data to support it.

What is an example of answerable question of an Observation?

If I drink a coffee, will that decrease the quality of sleep?

An Hypothesis is _______ of an observation that can be tested with an experiment

possible explanation

Hypothesis must be

Testable

Repeatable

Hypothesis must include

Alternative hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

What is an alternative hypothesis H_a?

• Opposing of Null hypothesis

• Little different from the main hypothesis but still wants to prove the observation

• Example: If I drink water before bedtime then I will fall a sleep easier

What is a null Hypothesis H₀ ?

• Hypothesis of No difference

• Hypothesis opposing the main observation (hypothesis)

• Example: If I drink a coffee a day then It will not affect my quality of sleep

Proper way of writing a hypothesis

If______then_________

Example: If I drink a coffee a day then I will sleep worst at night

What is an exeperiment?

A series of of procedures designed to test a specific hypothesis

Parts of experiment include:

• Independent variable

• Depended variables

• Control

Independent Variable (IV) in an experiment:

A variable you CHANGE in a experiment

Dependent Variable (DV) in an experiment:

What you observe or measure in an experiment

Control

Variable in an experiment that never changes, it is constant

Type of data included could be

• Quantitively data

• Qualitative data

What is a MUST of a DATA in the experiment

It needs to be REPEATABLE and MEASURED

The conclusion must include

• if the hypothesis is supported

• if the experiment is repeatable

The GOAL of Scientific Method is:

• Prove or disprove hypothesis

• If it formulates research around the topic

• Long enough, Hypothesis will become a THEORY

What is Natural Law?

Accepted fact on nature