Psych Test 4

Social cognition

The thoughts we have about the stimuli in our environment which typically arise when a schema is activated\#Schemas

Social cognition

The thoughts we have about the stimuli in our environment which typically arise when a schema is activated

Schemas

Mental categories our brain uses to quickly make a judgement about our surroundings in order to save processing power At their most basic level they help us assess our approach to stimuli, and more complex ones can infer personality characteristics of people around us and suggest how we should act

Social cognitive biases

a reliance on schemas to make assumptions about social situations; they are often incomplete but have solidified over time and become a bias

Attribution

An assumption of why a person is acting a certain way

fundamental attribution error

Attributing a persons behavior to what we assume to be his/her personality rather than factors outside of that individual ( e.g.. The situation)

Self-serving bias

taking credit for our successes and externalizing our failures on situational factors in order to maintain a positive view of ourselves

Cognitive load

the notion that people can only process so much information at once, given their capabilities and the amount/intensity of the stimuli around them

Cognitive misers

try to use as little processing power possible to make decisions, typically by heavy reliance on schemas to navigate their environment

Affiliation

connecting with others you identify with in some way(ie ethnicity religiosity political beliefs or hobbies

In group

A group with which an individual is affiliated

Out group

A group an individual believes she/he is not a part of nor affiliated with in particular ways

Intergroup bias

The tendency to favor an in group ( with which we identify) and undervalue out- groups (those with which we do not identify)

In-group favoritism

believing our in-group is better than certain out-groups, and benefitting that in-group through thoughts and/or actions

group-serving bias

accepting positive aspects of our in-group despite evidence contradicting these positive beliefs

Attraction

feeling interested or drawn to another person as a result of the individuals characteristics ( i.e. Physical, intellectual, or emotional) or social standing ( i.e. Popularity, power,or affiliation )

Social comparison

self-evaluation by comparison with others ( i.e. "I'm smarter than they are" or "I'm more attractive than her him"

Homogeneity effect

The assumption that members of a particular out-group are "homogenous," or very similar to each other on particular characteristics

Stereotypes

assumptions that members of a particular out-group share certain characteristics or behaviors

Halo effect

The tendency to make assumptions about a person based on a single positive characteristic This is best understood not in a religious sense ( e.g. " good " or angelic ) but in terms of light- a "halo" radiating from a single source of light, like the sun

Prejudice

Negative attitudes resulting from stereotypes

intergroup contact theory

a theory that states prejudice is based on a lack of information and more contact between groups will lead to greater understanding and less prejudice

Discrimination

Negative action stemming from a stereotype

Peripheral route

One of two paths to changing an attitude; changes attempts to intervene on beliefs that are not very strong

Central route

One of two paths to changing an attitude; changes attempts to intervene on core beliefs ( e.g. Personal values or other strongly held ideas )

Reciprocity

A feeling of obligation arising from the notion that we are in debt to someone when they do us a favor

Ingratiation

a conscious effort to get others to like us

Impression management

Actively managing the way you believe others perceive you ( e.g. Buying clothes you cannot afford to convey an appearance of wealth)

self-monitoring

actively monitoring others' reactions and adjusting our actions to change the way we believe they perceive us

Consistency

The pressure we feel to behave in ways that are in concert with as attitudes and beliefs, or to behave in ways we know others expect us to behave

Cognitive dissonance

Tension or discomfort when an individuals attitudes and beliefs are not aligned or consistent

self-perception theory

basing our attitudes or values from observing what behavior we choose to perform

foot-in-the-door

obtaining a small commitment in order to achieve a larger request later

door-in-the-face

making a large, often irrational, request in order to make the smaller request that follows seem much more reasonable

Psychological reactance

a reaction to fight outside influences we believe are attempting to undermine the authority we have over our own thoughts and behaviors ( " you can't tell me what to do or think!"

Scarcity

An attempt to influence people by conveying the notion that something is rare, valuable, or will not always be available

Social facilitation

A performance boost as the result of the presence of other people- driven by feeling the need to perform well in front of others

social inhibition

a decrease in performance as the result of the presence of others, often because of perceived social pressure

diffusion of responsibility

When individual responsibilities for a task within a group are unclear, and the success or failure of that group cannot be connected to the performance of any particular person

Groupthink

the tendency of group members to agree, resulting in conformityfrom individuals within that group who may hold a different view

Polarization

the tendency for group members to become more rigid in their views when faced with a countering view from other group members

Risky shift

when groups make riskier decisions than any individual group member may make on their own, often resulting from diffusion of responsibility

Deindividuation

A loss of individual identity within a group of people, which can lead to a disconnection with personal values and uncharacteristic behavior

altruism

Helping others without expecting a tangible, social, or psychological reward

Scripts

a specific type of schema that tells us how to behave in situations we've encountered before

bystander effect

when a group of people are called to action a diffusion of responsibility occurs and no one acts due to the belief that others will

industrial-organizational psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Personnel psychology

Helps with job seeking, and with employee recruitment, selection, placements, training, appraisal, and development

Organizational psychology

examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

human factors psychology

Explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

Structured interview

Process that asks the same job relevant questions of all applicants each of whom is rated on established scales

Task leadership

goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

Social leadership

Goal-oriental leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

sustainable behavior

behavior that promotes the protection of the natural environment requires understanding the ways in which people process information as well as the factors that influence behavior

Sustainability

Refers to practices that can be in place for an indefinite period - that is, behaviors that can be engaged in today without compromising the ability of others to engage in such behaviors in the future

commons dilemma - Garrett Hardin

a situation in which individuals must curtail their use of a collective resource or risk the irreversible depletion of that resource

behavioral nudges

Used to describe ways in which a situation can be structured to make the desired behavior the easiest, or the default option

Prompts

Reminders of the desired behavior

Reactance

A tendency to resist other people's attempts to control our behavior by refusing to do what has been suggested

Incentives

an action or reward that motivates one to act a certain way

feedback

Information about ones own behavior

descriptive norms

describe what people actually do

Injunctive norms

describe socially preferred actions

Values

relatively stable, individual preferences for desired ways of being or acting

anthropocentric

centered around humans

Altruistic

Public-spirited

Knowledge

Is important in motivating sustainable behavior

Emotions

Constellations of physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation, and behavioral tendency in response to some kind of stimulus

self-efficacy

an individual's perception that he or she can effectively take action to cope with a challenge

Empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

Identity

our sense of self

Attitudes

Evaluative responses to things based on beliefs about the attributes of that thing

Biophilia

Used to describe an inherited tendency to form an emotional connection with living organisms, including plants, animals, and ecosystems

Place attachment

When people form bonds to places that have emotional significance for them

The impact of a persuasive message depends on the characteristics of the

Source, the recipient, and the message itself

Temporal discounting

Tendency to focus on the short term

costly signaling theory

The way in which people endeavor to signal their status, despite the associated cost of financial or other resources

Denial

A coping mechanism, allowing people to continue to function rather than become immobilized by fear or anxiety

System justification

the tendency to want to believe the political/social system within which one lives is just, and thus to defend the status quo

Framing

The way in which a particular choice is presented in a message

Ecomigrations

migrations due to changing environmental conditions

Attention Restoration Theory

the ability to direct one's attention toward something that is not intrinsically interesting requires cognitive resources that can be diminished

Applied behavioral science

application of research-based principles derived from experimental and applied behavior analysis to increase the occurrence of desirable behaviors, and decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors

Humanism

An appreciation of empathy, diversity, compassion, and human dignity-a sincere concern for human welfare and well being

humanistic behaviorism

making evidence-based interventions from applied behavioral science (ABS) more effective by practicing empathy and enhancing such person-states as self-esteem, self-efficacy, belongingness, personal control, and optimism

intervention

An external or extrinsic program or process implemented to influence the quantity or quality of one or more target behaviors

actively caring

the combination of action and compassion, resulting in behavior performed on behalf of the safety, health, and/or well-being of one or more other persons

Actively Caring for People

The application of behavioral science and select principles from humanism in order to increase the frequency and improve the quality of behavior that benefits human health, safety, security, and / or welfare- referred to as humanistic behaviorism

Brothers/sisters keeper culture

An environmental setting (e.g., workplace, school, or home) in which all participants feel empowered and self-motivated to routinely perform AC4P behavior on behalf of the health, safety, and well-being of everyone else in that setting

Vision

A long-term or ultimate objective or outcome to be achieved through serial goal-setting and successive accomplishment of relevant behavior-based goals

AC4P movement

principle-centered activities of individuals on a mission to increase the large-scale occurrence of AC4P behaviors throughout organizations, schools, homes, and communities at large

Belongingness

Perceived mutual social support or interdependency among others- friends, family, colleagues, or even strangers

Community

The perception of having interdependent social or group support regarding the accomplishment of a certain challenge or assignment

Reward

a positive consequence following a designated behavior or an outcome of more than one behavior that may or may not influence subsequent performance

SAPs

the four-step process for delivering an AC4P wristband to reward AC4P behavior and promote the AC4P movement

What is the four steps for delivering an AC4P wristband

See an AC4P behavior, act to reward the AC4P behavior, ask recipient to pass on the wristband to reward another persons AC4P behavior, and share the positive AC4P interaction at the ac4p.org website

self-esteem

A general or overall feeling of self-worth that influences one's propensity to perform AC4P behavior

AC4P culture

an environmental context or setting (e.g., a workplace, school, or home) where people interact daily on behalf of the health, safety, security, and well-being of everyone else in the surroundings with a spirit of interdependence and self-transcendence

Feedback

Information following the performance of a behavior that might influence the frequency and/or form of that preceding behavior by supporting or correcting it

Training

Providing behavior-based direction (feedforward) and feedback regarding the performance of one or more specified behaviors relevant to achieving a designated outcome