Integrated Science Flashcards

Flashcards based on integrated science lecture notes for term 1 and term 2.

The __ controls all the chemical reactions that take place in the cell.

Nucleus

__ are thread-like structures that store chemical instructions needed to build the cell.

Chromosomes

__ are responsible for the inherited characteristics of an organism.

Chromosomes

The __ is a jelly-like substance that contains many tiny structures.

Cytoplasm

Chemical reactions take place in the __ where new substances are made with energy being released or stored.

Cytoplasm

__ in animal cells are tiny spaces containing air, liquid, or food particles found in the cytoplasm.

Vacuoles

The __ is a thin partially permeable membrane that controls movements of materials in and out of the cell.

Cell membrane

__ are the powerhouses of the cell.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria provide energy for the cell's activities by the process of __.

Respiration

__ are tiny disc-like structures containing a green substance called chlorophyll.

Chloroplasts

Chlorophyll absorbs energy from the sun and uses it to make food through the process of __.

Photosynthesis

The __ is large, permanent, and forms the biggest part of the plant cell.

Vacuole

__ is a liquid containing dissolving substances such as sugar and salt.

Cell sap

The __ keeps the cell firm by taking in water.

Cell sap

The __ is made up of a thick layer of cellulose.

Cell wall

The __ supports a plant cell, gives it a regular shape, and holds it together with other plant cells.

Cell wall

__ is getting rid of waste materials made by the cells.

Excretion

__: Several groups of cells that do a special job

Organs

Solid wastes leave the body through the __.

large intestine

Getting rid of wastes made by the cells is called __.

Excretion

The main organs of excretion are the: __, __, and __

Kidneys, lungs, and skin

The __ is all the parts of the body that deal with breathing

Respiratory System

The __ is the path that air takes in the body

Respiratory Tract

__ – To produce energy needed for growth, repair, and movement

Respiration

__: A muscular membrane separating the thorax and abdomen

Diaphragm

The trachea branches into two tubes called __.

Bronchi

When we __, our ribs swing upward and outward, and the diaphragm contracts and flattens.

Inhale

When you __, the diaphragm relaxes and arches upward

Exhale

__ organisms and invertebrate animals have a large surface area to volume ratio and thus do not require any special gas exchange system.

Unicellular

__ animals such as fish, amphibians, and mammals have a small surface area-to-volume ratio.

Vertebrate

The __ is responsible for gaseous exchange in man.

Respiratory System

Air enters the lungs through the and .

nostrils and mouth

These lead into the __, __, __, and __ (singular: bronchus).

pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi

Each bronchus enters the lungs and divides repeatedly into smaller tubes called __, which then end up as thin-walled air sacs called __ (singular: alveolus).

bronchioles, alveoli

The __ system is made up of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, the urethra, and the sphincter.

Urinary

__: Waste mixture made by the kidneys

Urine

__: Tube that carries urine

Ureter

__: Sac that stores urine

Bladder

The function of the __ system is to remove waste in the form of urine

Urinary

__ is formed when excess proteins are broken down in the liver.

Urea

The kidneys control the amount of and in the body

water and salts

The __ are two tubes that carry the urine formed in the kidneys to the bladder

ureters

The __ is an elastic muscular bag that temporarily stores urine

bladder

The __ carries the urine stored in the bladder out of the body

urethra

__ act like filters in the kidneys, they remove some water and wastes dissolved in said water.

Nephrons

An __ carries blood away from the heart

artery

__ carry blood to the heart

Veins

Each kidney has 1 million plus __.

Nephrons

__ are tubes through which the blood flows.

Blood vessels

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called __.

arteries

__ have strong and elastic walls that can withstand the high pressure of fast-flowing blood

Arteries

__ split into smaller and smaller arteries called arterioles, which then divide into many tiny blood vessels called capillaries

Arteries

The main function of __ is to deliver oxygen, food, and other substances to the cells all over the body and to collect materials from them.

capillaries

__ walls are very thin.

Capillary

The capillaries gradually join with one another to form larger blood vessels called __ which eventually form veins

venules

__ carry blood back to the heart

Veins

__ are found at different positions along the veins to ensure that blood moves only toward the heart.

Valves

__ prevent the blood from flowing backwards

Valves

__ are the largest blood vessel

Veins

Pulmonary __ carry deoxygenated blood

arteries

Pulmonary __ carry oxygenated blood

veins

__: Very tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins

Capillaries

__: Blood Vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Veins

__: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Arteries

Blood is made out of __, __, blood cells, and blood cells

platelets, plasma, white and red

__ of plasma is made up of water and the other 10% is made up of minerals, nutrients, hormones, waste materials, and other dissolved substances

90%

__: Cell fragments responsible for clotting blood where the skin is broken

Platelets

__ blood cells are concave and have a large surface area-to-volume ratio. Their centers are also depressed.

Red

__ blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen

Red

__ allows for the blood to flow through the body and carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells.

Plasma

__: Have a round nucleus, and their cytoplasm has no granules, and their main purpose is to make antibodies

Lymphocytes

__: Have a lobed nucleus, have granules in their cytoplasm, and engulf bacteria

Phagocytes

__ links up with haemoglobin and the red blood cells then carry the oxygen to all parts of the body

Oxygen

__ blood cells fight off infections and diseases

White

__ give off a chemical to help blood clot

Platelets

The human heart is divided into __ chambers

four

The two upper chambers of the heart are called __.

atria

The two bottom chambers of the heart are called __.

ventricles

The __ receives blood from the lungs and the body while the ventricles pump blood out of the heart

Atria

__ in the heart keep the blood from moving backward

Valves

__ carry blood into the Atrias

Veins

The major artery that carries oxygenated blood throughout the body is the __.

Aorta

The heart gets its blood supply through the __ arteries

coronary

__ is a serious disease. Your gums bleed, your teeth become loose, and your muscles get weak.

Scurvy

You need and to stay healthy

vitamins and minerals

If you eat more food than u need, you store it as __

fat

Your __ is everything you eat. You must include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and fiber in your diet

diet

The and in your food give you most of your energy

Carbohydrates and Fats

Your body needs and some to make new cells and repair damaged ones

proteins and fat

When you eat food, the muscles of your __ push the food along.

intestines

__ is the part of food that you cannot digest. It gives the muscles of your intestines something to push on.

Fibre

__ is important to keep blood flowing and cells working.

Water

Vitamin A helps you see in light and keeps your healthy

dim and lungs

Vitamin B helps many of the __ reactions in your body

chemical

Vitamin C Keeps your and healthy

skin and gums

Vitamin D helps you take in the minerals you need to make __

bones

Iron makes __ blood cells

red

Calcium is for strong and

bones and teeth

__ is the changing of food into forms the body can use

Digestion

The __ is the path in the body that food takes during digestion

digestive tract