Chapter 36: Alterations of digestive function

anorexia

undernourished

could be physical or anorexia nervosa

emesis

true vomit

productive

retching

dry heaving

non productive

nausea

the feeling of throwing up

symptom

constipation

can’t poop

not moving through intestines at all

dehydration

what is the usual cause of constipation?

diarrhea

too much fluid

things are passing too quickly

held inside

why does large volume diarrhea happen?

magnesium citrate

what do they use in colonoscopy to help people void?

osmotic diarrhea

ingest something to attract water in the intestine

secretory diarrhea

infectious diseases

mess with intestinal lining and water gets attracted to it

mobility diarrhea

something is causing intestines to move stuff more quickly

green / yellow, due to coming straight from bile

what is the color of motility diarrhea?

abdominal pain

can be due to peristalsis, inflammatory, or could be ischemic

hematochezia

blood in stool

gastrointestinal bleeding

bleeding within the intestines

can lead to hematochezia

upper GI bleeding

tar like, black stool

due to the intestinal flora

lower GI bleeding

bright red stool

closer to the rectum

occult bleeding

chronic bleeding in the intestines

not one time but slowly all the time

steatorrhea

fat in stool

bile usually helps but if any issue, then it impedes breakdown

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

achalasia

impairment to lower esophagus

causes spasms

gastroesophageal reflux

heart burn / acid reflux

reflux esophagitis

inflammation of esophagus because of stomach acid

(sleep on your left)

hiatal hernia

some organ protrudes to another organ

sliding hiatal hernia

tube pokes up into another tube

paraoesophageal hiatal hernia

outside of the esophagus

gastroparesis

paralysis of much movement in GI

pyloric obstruction

physical obstruction in stomach

acidic pH needs to be neutralized

pancreas brings chyme

simple obstruction

waste, something that cannot be moved

functional obstruction

impair smooth muscle of movement

gastritis

inflammation of stomach lining

acute gastritis

episodic

can be due to drugs or alcohol

chronic gastritis

can see anemia as well

has type A and Type B

Type A chronic gastritis

immune system is involved

type B chronic gastritis

does not involve the immune system

peptic ulcer disease

open sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine

caused anti-inflammatory drugs

could be acute and chronic

NSAIDs are in play

helicobacter pylori

what bacteria can cause peptic uclers?

duodenal ulcers

ulcers within the duodenum

gastric ulcers

ulcers within the stomach

stress ulcers

too much stress can cause stomach to hurt

ischemic ulcers

most common ulcer

blood deprivation

curling ulcers

severe burn injuries cause these

Cushing ulcers

head / brain trauma

brain surgery can cause this

gastrectomy

take out stomach

really restricted diet

maldigestion

dysfunction of breakdown of food

malabsorption

dysfunction of absorption of nutrients

pancreatic insufficiency

defect in recentralizing chyme

can mess up the intestines

diarrhea / constipation

lactase deficiency

can’t breakdown lactose sugar

intestine flora breaks down sugar

Bile salt deficiency

obstructive liver disease

won’t be able to breakdown fats

cannot absorb fat soluble vitamins

ADEK

what are fat soluble vitamins?

vitamin A

important for vision

vitamin D

calcium metabolism

deficiency can cause ricketts

vitamin E

skin integrity

vitamin K

blood clots

inflammatory bowel diseases

appendicitis

ulcerative colitis

crohn’s disease

irritable bowel syndrome

diverticular disease

appendicitis

inflammation of stomach

can burst

can spread intestinal fluids to blood stream

what happened when appendix bursts?

ulcerative colitis

idiopathic chronic inflammation

found in rectum and descending colon

crohn’s disease

inflammation of small and large intestine

irritable bowel syndrome

asymptomatic

abdominal pain

diverticulosis

bacteria grow within grooves of intestine

cannot eat berries, poppy seeds due to the size

diverticulitis

significant inflammation

diverticular disease

small, bulging pouches (diverticula) develop in your digestive tract

obesity

BMI over 30

have bigger fat cells

central obesity

near abdomen

likely to be seen in men

peripheral obesity

hips and thigh

found typically in women

leptin

hormone response to feeling full

made by adipose tissue

ghrelin

makes you hungry

creates a hyperproduction can cause obesity

anorexia nervosa

deprive yourself of nutrients on purpose

bulimia nervosa

binge and purge

malnutrition

lack of intake of nutrients

you can still be eating fine

starvation

deficient of intake of food

short term starvation

fasting, some health benefit

increase leptin resistance

what is the health benefit with short term starvation

long term starvation

adverse health effects

possible to become anorexic

liver

what is the most versatile organ and worls on larger molecule breakdown

rough ER

protein synthesis

portal hypertension

among the blood vessel

blood leaves liver improperly filtered

ascites

fluid accumulation in abdomen

can be acute or chronic but chronic can lead to liver damage

caused by Hepatitis

hepatic encephalopathy

felt in the brain

Jaundice

caused by hyperbilirubinemia

causes the skin and sclera to start to turn yellow

bilirubin

old dead RBC

main component of bile

hyperbilirubinemia

too much bilirubin in the blood stream

obstructive jaundice

blockage in gallbladder

hemolytic jaundice

bilirubin keeps getting out and liver cannot keep up

hepatocellular jaundice

hepatocytes are impaired

liver disease

90%

how much of the liver can you get removed?

acute liver failure

serious infectious disease

caused by drug overdose

tylenol can cause them (hepatotoxic

viral hepatitis

B and C are worst

A is the most common causing ingestion

non alcoholic fatty liver

NAFL

infiltration of fat in liver can cause long term liver damage

cirrhosis

scar tissue in liver

alcoholic cirrhosis

repaired liver damage

hepatocytes damage

biliary cirrhosis

gets into bile duct

primary biliary cirrhosis

autoimmune condition

secondary biliary cirrhosis

not autoimmune

alcoholic cirrhosis can cause this

storage for bile

what is the gallbaldder’s function?

cholelithiasis

gall stones

some more prone then others

block functions and whole thing comes out

cholecystitis

inflamed gall bladder

can be acute or chronic

pancreatitis

inflamed pancreas

idiopathic

maldigestion and malabsorption are results