MSU BIO 121 HOPPER COMP FINAL

Amino acids

building blocks of proteins

carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods; Broken down to glucose to provide energy.

cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

electron

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom.

hydrophilic

Having an affinity for water. ATTRACTED TO

hydrophobic

Having an aversion to water.

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Phospholipids

a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Plasma (cell) membrane

A selectively permeable surface that encloses the cell contents and through which all materials entering or leaving a cell must pass

prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

proteins

Chains of amino acids

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages, single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Ribosome

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

triglyceride

a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

Fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

active site

The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.

enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Receptor protein

a protein that binds specific signal molecules, which causes the cell to respond

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

Calvin cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

competitive inhibitor

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.

electron transport chain

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness.

heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

isotonic

Having the same solute concentration as another solution.

denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

kinetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

metabolism

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

photoauthotrophs

produce own carbon energy via sunlight

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

potential energy

Energy that is stored and held in readiness

selectively permeable

some substances can pass across them and others cannot

substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

fluid mosaic model

The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

lagging strand

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork.

karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

clone

An organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced

gamete

specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction

dominate

to control

recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

test cross

Testing a suspected heterozygote by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive

allele

Different forms of a gene

DNA ploymerase

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

centromere

Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

semi conservative model of replication

Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.

leading strand

The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.

nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

zygote

fertilized egg

cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division

cleavage furrow

The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.

genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

cross over

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.

Incompelete dominance

both alleles code for functions and the phenotypes are a blend of the two

ex. red and white becoming purple flowers

codominance

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

metastasis

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells.

genome

All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

Non-disjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.

sexlinked genes

Genes carried by either of the sex chromosomes

sister chromatids

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.

evolution

The gradual change in a species over time

Vestigial structure

structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of its original function

population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

restriction enzymes

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

intron

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Fossil

The preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past

genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

repressor molecule

Molecule involved in gene regulation by binding to DNA and preventing gene transcription.

pre-zygotic barrier

Reproductive isolation in which barriers prevent mating, including behavioral, physical, physiological, and mechanical barriers.

promoter

region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA

promoter sequence

the sequence that starts transcription as it binds to RNA polymerase

codon

A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

founder effect

change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population

population bottleneck

a type of genetic drift in which population size is sharply reduced due to some catastrophic event

punctuated equilibria

In the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis, in which a species undergoes little or no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change.

hybrid

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits, An organism that has two different alleles for a trait